ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine2019
Lifestyle and Environmental Factors in Multiple Sclerosis.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 124 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
124 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 216 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genes, Gene Loci, and Their Impacts on the Immune System in the Development of Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Cytokine Profile in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Following Exercise: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy of Ofatumumab and Teriflunomide in Patients With Relapsing MS From Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups: ASCLEPIOS I/II Subgroup Analyses.Neurology · 2024Trial
- Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Blind Study of Lutein Supplementation on Carotenoid Status and Cognition in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Multiple Sclerosis: A Topical Narrative Review.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Review
- Difficult relationships between humans and bacteria: associations between multiple sclerosis and the human microbiome.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Effectiveness of a self-management educational program among people with multiple sclerosis: a pre-test post-test intervention study.The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · 2026Article
- GPCR-Driven Muscarinic M1 and Histamine H1 Receptor Signaling Converging on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway: Functional Integration in Neuroinflammation and Myelin Repair in Multiple Sclerosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Multiancestry genome-wide association and multiomics analyses elucidate spatiocellular features of multiple sclerosis genetics.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis in a Peruvian Cohort: A Retrospective Study Across Three Lima Hospitals.Neurology international · 2026Article
- Epstein-Barr Virus and Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanistic Insights into Virus-Driven Autoimmunity.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Lifetime exposure to shift work and risk of multiple sclerosis: retrospective and prospective cohort studies in UK Biobank.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: An Updated Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Multiple Sclerosis in a Person With Hirschprung's Disease: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Clinical and Modifiable Factors Associated With Disability and Relapse in MOGAD: A Multicentre Cohort Study.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Targeting pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) reduces T cell pathogenicity in multiple sclerosis.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Opioid Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis: Emerging Targets for Repair.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Integrating Genetics and Environment to Find Causal Mechanisms for Multiple Sclerosis.European journal of immunology · 2026Review
- Genetic Prognostic Factors in Multiple Sclerosis: Key Discoveries and Unmet Needs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
64 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lifestyle and environmental factors potently influence the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), because genetic predisposition only explains a fraction of the risk increase. There is strong evidence for associations of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, smoking, sun exposure/vitamin D, and adolescent obesity to risk of MS. There is also circumstantial evidence on organic solvents and shift work, all associate with greater risk, although certain factors like nicotine, alcohol, and a high coffee consumption associate with a reduced risk. Certain factors, smoking, EBV infection, and obesity interact with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) risk genes, arguing for a pathogenic pathway involving adaptive immunity. There is a potential for prevention, in particular for people at greater risk such as relatives of individuals with MS. All of the described factors for MS may influence adaptive and/or innate immunity, as has been argued for MS risk gene variants.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.