ReviewInternational immunopharmacology2018
Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future.
Review in International immunopharmacology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 326 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
326 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 634 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toll-like receptors polymorphisms and COVID-19: a systematic review.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Pooled it
- TIR domain proteins: regulatory mechanisms in the tumor immune microenvironment, clinical translation strategies, and prospects for precision therapy applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Role of Toll-like receptor 2 during infection of Leptospira spp: A systematic review.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Early continuous blood purification affects TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in patients with severe acute pancreatitis via inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathway.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2022Trial
- Pathological Signal-Responsive Nanoplatforms for Sepsis: Integrating Biomarker Sensing With Spatiotemporal Drug Delivery and Immunomodulation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- 25 Years of Cancer Immunoediting: Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Filled the Missing Gap.Cancers · 2026Review
- Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Enhances Toll-like Receptor-Mediated Osteoclastogenic Responses in the Absence of Exogenous RANKL: Implications for Inflammatory Osteoclastogenesis in Periodontitis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- CD44-Targeted Delivery of Melittin and Celecoxib via Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Polymersomes for Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Therapy.ChemMedChem · 2026Article
- Innate Immunity and Microbial Recognition in Reproduction: From Barrier Defense to Maternal-Fetal Tolerance.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Review
- The role of L-type amino acid transporter 1 in the pathogenicity ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Exploratory Cytokine and Bone-Marker Patterns in a Proteoglycan-Induced Spondyloarthritis Mouse Model: Th1/Th2 Strain Comparison and TLR2/3/4 Knockout Readouts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Toll-like receptor 5 on monocyte as a biomarker of mortality risk in patients with sepsis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor of zoonoticiScience · 2026Article
- Article
- Raspberry protective role in inflammatory diseases: An overview.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Review
- Intersections between proteostasis and immunity: insights from Caenorhabditis elegans.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026Review
- Linking inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration: a comprehensive review of TLR2 pathways in type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Review
- Aquamin, a marine derived multi-mineral, attenuates toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses in macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- New Insights Into the Evolution of Immune Adaptors in Murid Rodents.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- TLRs and NLRs modulate oral microbiome involvement in Alzheimer's disease.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
266 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited by multicellular organisms ranging from achordates to chordates (including humans). For example, cells of immune system express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect danger via recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mount a specific immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of these PRRs expressed by various immune cells. However, they were first discovered in the Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly) as genes/proteins important in embryonic development and dorso-ventral body patterning/polarity. Till date, 13 different types of TLRs (TLR1-TLR13) have been discovered and described in mammals since the first discovery of TLR4 in humans in late 1997. This discovery of TLR4 in humans revolutionized the field of innate immunity and thus the immunology and host-pathogen interaction. Since then TLRs are found to be expressed on various immune cells and have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for various infectious and inflammatory diseases including cancer. Even, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among various TLR genes have been identified among the different human population and their association with susceptibility/resistance to certain infections and other inflammatory diseases. Thus, in the present review the current and future importance of TLRs in immunity, their pattern of expression among various immune cells along with TLR based therapeutic approach is reviewed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.