Trial reportNeuroImage2018
Time course of clinical change following neurofeedback.
Trial report in NeuroImage, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationships between real-time neurofeedback training parameters and acquisition of neural modulation.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Review of EEG-based neurofeedback as a therapeutic intervention to treat depression.Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging · 2023Pooled it
- Frontostriatal circuitry as a target for fMRI-based neurofeedback interventions: A systematic review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- The efficacy of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback for psychiatric illness: A meta-analysis of brain and behavioral outcomes.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Pooled it
- A Guide to Literature Informed Decisions in the Design of Real Time fMRI Neurofeedback Studies: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- A systematic review of fMRI neurofeedback reporting and effects in clinical populations.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2020Pooled it
- The Potential of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Neurofeedback-A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Best Practice.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- A double-blind trial of decoded neurofeedback intervention for specific phobias.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2024Trial
- Amygdala real-time fMRI neurofeedback upregulation in treatment resistant depression: Proof of concept and dose determination.Behaviour research and therapy · 2024Trial
- Amygdala-related electroencephalogram neurofeedback as add-on therapy for treatment-resistant childhood sexual abuse posttraumatic stress disorder: feasibility study.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2024Trial
- Neurofeedback for obsessive compulsive disorder: A randomized, double-blind trial.Psychiatry research · 2023Trial
- Amygdala downregulation training using fMRI neurofeedback in post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized, double-blind trial.Translational psychiatry · 2023Trial
- Exploring electroencephalographic infraslow neurofeedback treatment for chronic low back pain: a double-blinded safety and feasibility randomized placebo-controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Real-Time fMRI Functional Connectivity Neurofeedback Reducing Repetitive Negative Thinking in Depression: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Proof-of-Concept Trial.Psychotherapy and psychosomatics · 2023Trial
- Self-modulation of motor cortex activity after stroke: a randomized controlled trial.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2022Trial
- Feasibility of training the dorsolateral prefrontal-striatal network by real-time fMRI neurofeedback.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback for Tics in Adolescents With Tourette Syndrome.Biological psychiatry · 2020Trial
- Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2020Trial
- Targeting the affective brain-a randomized controlled trial of real-time fMRI neurofeedback in patients with depression.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2018Trial
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Neurofeedback - learning to modulate brain function through real-time monitoring of current brain state - is both a powerful method to perturb and probe brain function and an exciting potential clinical tool. For neurofeedback effects to be useful clinically, they must persist. Here we examine the time course of symptom change following neurofeedback in two clinical populations, combining data from two ongoing neurofeedback studies. This analysis reveals a shared pattern of symptom change, in which symptoms continue to improve for weeks after neurofeedback. This time course has several implications for future neurofeedback studies. Most neurofeedback studies are not designed to test an intervention with this temporal pattern of response. We recommend that new studies incorporate regular follow-up of subjects for weeks or months after the intervention to ensure that the time point of greatest effect is sampled. Furthermore, this time course of continuing clinical change has implications for crossover designs, which may attribute long-term, ongoing effects of real neurofeedback to the control intervention that follows. Finally, interleaving neurofeedback sessions with assessments and examining when clinical improvement peaks may not be an appropriate approach to determine the optimal number of sessions for an application.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.