ArticleNeurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology2018
Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Cognitive Reserve Scale (I-CRS).
Article in Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Instruments to Assess Cognitive Reserve Among Older Adults: a Systematic Review of Measurement Properties.Neuropsychology review · 2024Pooled it
- Measuring Cognitive Reserve (CR) - A systematic review of measurement properties of CR questionnaires for the adult population.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- An integrated multifocal tDCS-EEG protocol for reducing cognitive and affective symptoms in mild cognitive impairment and early stages of dementia: a crossover double-blind randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Education moderates the association between motor involvement and executive status in ALS.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Vocabulary knowledge as a reliable proxy of cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis: a validation study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Brain and cognitive reserve mitigate balance dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Article
- Cognitive reserve and coping strategies predict the level of perceived stress during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.Personality and individual differences · 2022Article
- Challenges of Prevention for a Sustainable Personalized Medicine.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Review
- Italian version of the Starkstein Apathy Scale (SAS-I) and a shortened version (SAS-6) to assess "pure apathy" symptoms: normative study on 392 individuals.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2021Article
- Cognitive Trajectories and Dementia Risk: A Comparison of Two Cognitive Reserve Measures.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The original definition of cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the individual differences in cognitive performance after a brain damage or pathology. Several proxies were proposed to evaluate CR (education, occupational attainment, premorbid IQ, leisure activities). Recently, some scales were developed to measure CR taking into account several cognitively stimulating activities. The aim of this study is to adapt the Cognitive Reserve Scale (I-CRS) for the Italian population and to explore its psychometric properties. I-CRS was administered to 547 healthy participants, ranging from 18 to 89 years old, along with neuropsychological and behavioral scales to evaluate cognitive functioning, depressive symptoms, and apathy. Cronbach's α, corrected item-total correlations, and the inter-item correlation matrix were calculated to evaluate the psychometric properties of the scale. Linear regression analysis was performed to build a correction grid of the I-CRS according to demographic variables. Correlational analyses were performed to explore the relationships between I-CRS and neuropsychological and behavioral scales. We found that age, sex, and education influenced the I-CRS score. Young adults and adults obtained higher I-CRS scores than elderly adults; women and participants with high educational attainment scored higher on I-CRS than men and participants with low education. I-CRS score correlated poorly with cognitive and depression scale scores, but moderately with apathy scale scores. I-CRS showed good psychometric properties and seemed to be a useful tool to assess CR in every adult life stage. Moreover, our findings suggest that apathy rather than depressive symptoms may interfere with the building of CR across the lifespan.
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