ArticleJournal of the American Heart Association2018
Frailty as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Versus Noncardiovascular Mortality in Older Men: Results From the MrOS Sleep (Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men) Study.
Article in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of frailty and mortality risk in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 59 international prospective cohort studies.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- The Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Recurrence Risk of Stroke: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta‑Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Association of frailty and pre-frailty with cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis of 26 cohort studies.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- The relationship between body mass index and stroke: a systemic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Frailty and risks of all-cause and cause-specific death in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Association of the Frailty-to-Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness Ratio with Prevalent Stroke in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional NHANES Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of body mass index on hospital mortality of old and oldest- old critically ill patients: a retrospective study.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Sleep Rhythmicity as a Core Domain of Multidimensional Sleep Health Associated with Cognitive Impairment in Older Men.Nature and science of sleep · 2026Article
- Biological Sex and the Association Between Grip Strength and Cardiovascular Disease: a Scoping Review.Canadian geriatrics journal : CGJ · 2025Review
- The effect of locomotive syndrome on the trajectory of sleep disturbance in geriatric oncology inpatients.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Frailty in Older Patients with Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- The inverted U-shaped relationship between weight loss percentage and cardiovascular health scores.Eating and weight disorders : EWD · 2023Article
- Impact of Frailty on Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2023Article
- Frailty and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Narrative Review.Current cardiology reports · 2023Review
- The association between frailty and incident cardiovascular disease events in community-dwelling healthy older adults.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2023Article
- Body mass index, waist circumference and cardiovascular diseases in transitional ages (40 and 66 years).Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2023Article
- The impact of cardiovascular health and frailty on mortality for males and females across the life course.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- Aging and Cardiovascular Disease: Current Status and Challenges.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Review
- Frailty and cardiovascular mortality in more than 3 million US Veterans.European heart journal · 2022Article
- Incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality in underweight individuals.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFrailty is associated with greater mortality; however, whether frail patients primarily die of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or non-CVD causes is unknown. METHODS AND
resultsWe assessed the cause of death in relation to frailty status, measured at baseline, among 3135 community-dwelling older men in the MrOS Sleep (Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men) study. Absolute probability and risk of CVD mortality associated with frailty status were estimated with traditional methods that used censoring and newer methods that considered non-CVD mortality as a competing risk. Of the 3135 men (mean age: 76.4±5.6 years), 475 (15.2%) were frail. During an average follow-up of 9.2 years, 1275 (40.7%) men died, including 445 (34.9%) from CVD and 828 (64.9%) from non-CVD causes (2 deaths unadjudicated). Both CVD and non-CVD mortality risk increased with frailty. Cumulative absolute probability of CVD death at 10 years among frail men was 23.8% (20.2-27.6%) using the competing risk method versus 32.5% (27.3-37.8%) using the traditional Kaplan-Meier method (41.5% [95% confidence interval, 36.9-45.9%] and 48.6% [95% confidence interval, 43.6-53.4%], respectively, for non-CVD mortality). The multivariable-adjusted risk of CVD death among frail versus robust men was 1.38 (95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.92) using the competing risk method versus 1.84 (95% confidence interval, 1.35-2.51) using the traditional Cox proportional hazards method.
conclusionsAmong community-dwelling older men, ≈35% of the deaths were due to CVD. Frail men were at increased risk of CVD death, but ignoring the competing risk of non-CVD mortality overestimated their long-term probability and relative risk of CVD death.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.