ArticleBMC oral health2018
Lead exposure may affect gingival health in children.
Article in BMC oral health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association of lead and cadmium exposure with periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2025Pooled it
- The associations between volatile organic compounds and bone loss around teeth among US adults.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Correlation Between Urinary Heavy Metals and Early Childhood Caries in a Typical Industrial and Mining Area.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Systematic Review of Lead Exposure and Its Effects on Caries and Aesthetics in Children and Adolescents.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Review
- Effects of Blood Lead Levels <10 µg/dL in School-Age Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review.Pediatrics · 2024Article
- The impact of interactions between heavy metals and smoking exposures on the formation of oral microbial communities.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Potential Health Risks of Lead Exposure from Early Life through Later Life: Implications for Public Health Education.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Association amongInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Association between levels of blood trace minerals and periodontitis among United States adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- How does the early life environment influence the oral microbiome and determine oral health outcomes in childhood?BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2021Article
- Mobility and accessibility of Zn, Pb, and As in abandoned mine tailings of northwestern Mexico.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSeveral studies have reported the harmful effects of lead poisoning. However, the relationship between lead exposure and oral health of children has not been well defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between blood lead level (BLL) and oral health status of children.
methodsA total of 351 children (aged 7-15 years) were recruited from the pilot data of the Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents, which was designed to examine environmental exposure and children's health status in South Korea. Blood samples were taken to determine BLLs and oral examinations were performed to assess oral health parameters, including community periodontal index (CPI), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI). Information regarding socioeconomic status, oral hygiene behavior, and dietary habits was collected from parents and guardians.
resultsThe participants were divided equally into four quartiles, with quartile I comprised of children with the lowest BLLs. There were significant differences for PI (p < 0.05) among the quartile groups. Using logistic regression models, we found a significant relationship between BLL and oral health parameters. The crude odds ratios for CPI, GI, and PI in the third quartile were 5.24 (95% CI: 1.48-18.56), 4.35 (95% CI: 1.36-13.9), and 4.17 (95% CI: 1.50-11.54), respectively, while the age and gender-adjusted odds ratios were 7.66 (95% CI: 1.84-31.91), 6.80 (95% CI: 1.80-25.68), and 3.41 (95% CI: 1.12-10.40), respectively. After adjustments for age, gender, parent education level, and frequency of tooth brushing, the adjusted odds ratios were 7.21 (95% CI: 1.72-30.19), 6.13 (95% CI: 1.62-23.19), and 3.37 (95% CI: 1.10-10.34), respectively.
conclusionsA high BLL might be associated with oral health problems in children, including plaque deposition and gingival diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.