Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29727221›Full record

ArticleThe Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association2019

Proportion of Orofacial Clefts Attributable to Recognized Risk Factors.

Janhavi R Raut, Regina M Simeone, Sarah C Tinker, Mark A Canfield, R Sue Day, A J Agopian

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Maternal Cigarette Smoking and Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2022
    Pooled it
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  9. Epidemiology of Nonsyndromic, Orofacial Clefts in Texas: Differences by Cleft Type and Presence of Additional Defects.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2023
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Janhavi R Raut1 Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.
Regina M Simeone2 National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Sarah C Tinker2 National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Mark A Canfield3 Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA.
R Sue Day1 Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.
A J Agopian1 Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.

Funding

Texas Center for Birth Defects Research and PreventionU01DD000494 · DD · TEXAS STATE DEPT OF HEALTH SERVICES · PI CANFIELD, MARK A · 2009 to 2013
$3.9M
Intramural CDC HHS CC999999NCBDD CDC HHS U01 DD000494
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveEstimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) for a set of recognized risk factors for orofacial clefts.

designWe used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. For recognized risk factors for which data were available, we estimated crude population attributable fractions (cPAFs) to account for potential confounding, average-adjusted population attributable fractions (aaPAFs). We assessed 11 modifiable and 3 nonmodifiable parental/maternal risk factors. The aaPAF for individual risk factors and the total aaPAF for the set of risk factors were calculated using a method described by Eide and Geffler.

settingPopulation-based case-control study in 10 US states.

participantsTwo thousand seven hundred seventy-nine cases with isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P), 1310 cases with isolated cleft palate (CP), and 11 692 controls with estimated dates of delivery between October 1, 1997, and December 31, 2011.

main outcome measuresCrude population attributable fraction and aaPAF.

resultsThe proportion of CL±P and CP cases attributable to the full set of examined risk factors was 50% and 43%, respectively. The modifiable factor with the largest aaPAF was smoking during the month before pregnancy or the first month of pregnancy (4.0% for CL±P and 3.4% for CP). Among nonmodifiable factors, the factor with the largest aaPAF for CL±P was male sex (27%) and for CP it was female sex (16%).

conclusionsOur results may inform research and prevention efforts. A large proportion of orofacial cleft risk is attributable to nonmodifiable factors; it is important to better understand the mechanisms involved for these factors.

Indexed as

Cleft LipCleft PalateCase-Control StudiesFemaleHumansMalePregnancyRisk FactorsSmokingcleft lip/palatepopulation attributable fraction

Identifiers

PMID29727221
PMCPMC6309330

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.