ArticleInternational journal of obesity (2005)2019
Ectopic fat obesity presents the greatest risk for incident type 2 diabetes: a population-based longitudinal study.
Article in International journal of obesity (2005), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05163743 (COVID-19 Vaccination in Subjects With Obesity), which is not on this map. Cited by 205 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
COVID-19 Vaccination in Subjects With Obesity: Impact of Metabolic Health and the Role of a Ketogenic Diet
Who cites it
205 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 357 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolic aspects of surgical subcutaneous fat removal: An umbrella review and implications for future research.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2023Pooled it
- Body roundness index shows a short-term, sex-specific advantage over body mass index in predicting incident diabetes: a longitudinal prospective cohort study.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Association of estimated pulse wave velocity with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in multiple cohorts.iScience · 2026Article
- Triglyceride glucose-weight adjusted waist index as a promising predictive marker for incident diabetes: a large-scale retrospective cohort study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Research Progress on Downstream Mechanisms of Glucose Metabolic Reprogramming and Its Role in the Occurrence and Progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- The triglyceride to HDL‑C ratio explains part of the association between fatty liver and incident type 2 diabetes: a statistical mediation analysis of the NAGALA cohort.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Association between triglyceride glucose-body roundness index and incidence diabetes mellitus: a cohort study.Metabolism open · 2026Article
- Estimated Body Fat Percentage and Triglyceride-Glucose Index for Identifying MASLD in Lean Asian Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Nonlinear association of residual cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Non-linear association of visceral adiposity index with incident diabetes: insights from a retrospective Japanese cohort study.Endocrine · 2026Article
- Mean arterial pressure is not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japan: a secondary retrospective analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Hidden metabolic obesity phenotypes and risk of incident type 2 diabetes among BMI-defined non-obese adults: a secondary analysis of the NAGALA cohort.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Non-linear relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a cross-sectional study in the Japanese population.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Relation Between Obesity, Normal-Weight Obesity, and Risk of Diabetes Among Youth and Females - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Review
- Prehypertension, Hypertension, and Their Association With Weight-Adjusted Waist Index in Normoglycemic Japanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Investigating the prediction potential of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose index surpasses TyG, AIP, and METS-IR for type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the CHG index for identifying metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: evidence from two independent Asian non-obese populations.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the mediating effect of BMI: a comparative analysis in Chinese and Japanese populations.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Cardiometabolic risk status modifies the associations between remnant cholesterol with incident diabetes: evidence from two East Asian cohorts.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- TyG-WHtR predicts incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in NAFLD: a 12-year prospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
145 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesObesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Among obesity, visceral fat obesity, and ectopic fat obesity, it has been unclear which has the greatest effect on incident diabetes.
methodsIn this historical cohort study of 8430 men and 7034 women, we investigated the effect of obesity phenotypes on incident diabetes. Obesity, visceral fat obesity, and ectopic fat obesity were defined as body mass index ≥25 kg/m
resultsDuring the median 5.8 years follow-up for men and 5.1 years follow-up for women, 286 men and 87 women developed diabetes. Compared to the non-obese group, the hazard ratios (HRs) of incident diabetes in the only-obesity, only-visceral fat obesity, only-ectopic fat obesity groups, and with all-three types of obesity group were 1.85 (95%CI 1.06-3.26, p = 0.05) in men and 1.79 (0.24-13.21, p = 0.60) in women, 3.41 (2.51-4.64, p < 0.001) in men and 2.30 (0.87-6.05, p = 0.12) in women, 4.74 (1.91-11.70, p < 0.001) in men and 13.99 (7.23-27.09, p < 0.001) in women and 10.5 (8.02-13.8, p < 0.001) in men and 30.0 (18.0-50.0, p < 0.001) in women. Moreover, the risk of incident diabetes of the groups with ectopic fat obesity were almost higher than that of the four groups without ectopic fat obesity.
conclusionEctopic fat obesity presented the greatest risk of incident type 2 diabetes.
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