ArticleCardiovascular diabetology2018
Cardiovascular disease risk factor responses to a type 2 diabetes care model including nutritional ketosis induced by sustained carbohydrate restriction at 1 year: an open label, non-randomized, controlled study.
Article in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 105 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Dietary Intervention in Type-2 Diabetics and Pre-Diabetics Emphasizing Personalized Carbohydrate Intake
Characterization of a Portable Solid-State Breath Acetone Testing Device for Real-Time Ketosis Status and Comparison to Blood Ketone Testing
Virta Intervention in CommuniTies in cOloRado (VICTOR-Pilot) Pilot Study to Improve Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk in Rural Communities
Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 194 citations in OpenAlex.
- Symptoms during initiation of a ketogenic diet: a scoping review of occurrence rates, mechanisms and relief strategies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- The Effect of Nutrition on Aging-A Systematic Review Focusing on Aging-Related Biomarkers.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in the management of metabolic diseases: systematic review and consensus statement from the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE).Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Digitally enhanced ketogenic diet versus low-fat diet for cardio-renal-metabolic health in a predominantly Hispanic adult population with overweight or obesity: Pilot randomised clinical trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Trial
- Time-restricted eating with or without low-carbohydrate diet reduces visceral fat and improves metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial.Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Trial
- Effect of a ketogenic diet versus Mediterranean diet on glycated hemoglobin in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The interventional Keto-Med randomized crossover trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Trial
- Effect of acute ketosis on lipid profile in prediabetes: findings from a cross-over randomized controlled trial.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2022Trial
- Prognostic significance of metabolomic biomarkers in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2022Trial
- A High-Protein and Low-Glycemic Formula Diet Improves Blood Pressure and Other Hemodynamic Parameters in High-Risk Individuals.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Continuous care intervention with carbohydrate restriction improves physical function of the knees among patients with type 2 diabetes: a non-randomized study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Meal replacement by formula diet reduces weight more than a lifestyle intervention alone in patients with overweight or obesity and accompanied cardiovascular risk factors-the ACOORH trial.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- The ketogenic diet is not for everyone: contraindications, side effects, and drug interactions.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes or Obesity Receiving Carbohydrate-Reduced Nutrition via Telemedicine: A Retrospective Claims-Based Cohort Study.Cardiology and therapy · 2026Article
- Increased LDL-C reduction with ezetimibe in ketogenic diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- Personalized Combination of a Ketogenic Diet and Low-Dose Semaglutide for Cardiometabolic Health: A Retrospective Case Series.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- Ketogenic Diet and Brain Health: Cerebrovascular Mechanisms, Neuroprotection, and Translational Implications.Nutrients · 2026Review
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). We recently reported that glycemic control in patients with T2D can be significantly improved through a continuous care intervention (CCI) including nutritional ketosis. The purpose of this study was to examine CVD risk factors in this cohort.
methodsWe investigated CVD risk factors in patients with T2D who participated in a 1 year open label, non-randomized, controlled study. The CCI group (n = 262) received treatment from a health coach and medical provider. A usual care (UC) group (n = 87) was independently recruited to track customary T2D progression. Circulating biomarkers of cholesterol metabolism and inflammation, blood pressure (BP), carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), multi-factorial risk scores and medication use were examined. A significance level of P < 0.0019 ensured two-tailed significance at the 5% level when Bonferroni adjusted for multiple comparisons.
resultsThe CCI group consisted of 262 participants (baseline mean (SD): age 54 (8) year, BMI 40.4 (8.8) kg m
conclusionsA continuous care treatment including nutritional ketosis in patients with T2D improved most biomarkers of CVD risk after 1 year. The increase in LDL-cholesterol appeared limited to the large LDL subfraction. LDL particle size increased, total LDL-P and ApoB were unchanged, and inflammation and blood pressure decreased. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02519309. Registered 10 August 2015.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.