ReviewFrontiers in immunology2018
Microglia and Beyond: Innate Immune Cells As Regulators of Brain Development and Behavioral Function.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 288 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
288 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Maternal acute and chronic inflammation in pregnancy is associated with common neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Pro-inflammatory markers interact with spontaneous theta oscillations to predict depression among adolescents.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Electrical stimulation promotes structural plasticity in cortical spheroids by modulating N-cadherin-dependent collective migration and mechanotransduction.Biomedical engineering letters · 2026Article
- Circadian rhythms in microglia mediate early life synaptic development in a sex-specific manner.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Pediatric traumatic brain injury elicits acute neuroinflammation and long-term changes in social, cognitive, and decision-making behaviors in male and female rats.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Neonatal estradiol influences regional gene expression for early sex-specific inflammatory responses in the 5xFAD mouse model.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Impact of sex differences on microglial function in Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Review
- The Science behind Probiotics: Exploring their Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Mild pediatric traumatic brain injury has sex-specific effects on neuroimmune cells and social behavior in rats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The postnatal expression of transcripts and proteins in the corpus callosum, as well as its myelinization, is affected by the congenital absence of AQP4.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2026Article
- Senescence as a Central Node in Alzheimer's Disease: Molecular Triggers, Cellular Effectors, and RNA-Based Interventions.Neurochemical research · 2026Review
- Cell type transcriptomic modules reveal shared molecular mechanisms in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.GigaScience · 2026Article
- Excitation-inhibition homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease: a selective multiscale review of mechanisms, sex differences, and therapeutic opportunities.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- The Microbiome-Neurodegeneration Interface: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions.Cells · 2026Review
- Route selection impairment and microglia activation in a rodent model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Glial Ion Channels in Myelin Pathophysiology: Insights from Leukodystrophies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Opposing roles of microglial and macrophagic C3ar1 signaling in stress-induced synaptic and behavioral changes.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Divergent outcomes of delta 9 - tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in adolescence on mesocortical dopamine and cognitive development in male and female mice.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Maternal HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy in Pregnancy: Implications for Vertical Transmission, Fetal Safety, and Long-Term Infant Outcomes.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Immune/Inflammatory Underpinnings of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
228 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Innate immune cells play a well-documented role in the etiology and disease course of many brain-based conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, and brain cancers. In contrast, it is only recently becoming clear that innate immune cells, primarily brain resident macrophages called microglia, are also key regulators of brain development. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding microglia in brain development, with particular emphasis on how microglia during development are distinct from microglia later in life. We also summarize the effects of early life perturbations on microglia function in the developing brain, the role that biological sex plays in microglia function, and the potential role that microglia may play in developmental brain disorders. Finally, given how new the field of developmental neuroimmunology is, we highlight what has yet to be learned about how innate immune cells shape the development of brain and behavior.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.