ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2018
Gender Identity in Autism: Sex Differences in Social Affiliation with Gender Groups.
Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 121 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alexithymia in neurodevelopmental populations: a scoping review of Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and dual diagnosis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Experiences of females on the autism spectrum through the perspective of minority stress theory: a review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Gender Dysphoria Measures in Autistic Samples.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence. A systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Sex/gender differences in the human autistic brains: A systematic review of 20 years of neuroimaging research.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2021Pooled it
- "It's Like a Chain Reaction of Discomfort": A Phenomenological Qualitative Study on the Intersection of Autism and Gender Incongruence in Adolescents.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Self-Reported Multidimensional Gender Identity in Autistic and Non-Autistic Children.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- "Our Existence as Whole Individuals Does Not Evaporate at Age 50": A Mixed Methods Study of Autistic Adults' Perspectives on Growing Older.Autism in adulthood · 2026Article
- Implicit and explicit gender identification in autistic and nonautistic gender clinic-referred youth, and their caregivers.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Self-Report of Restricted Repetitive Behaviors in Autistic Adults: A Systematic Review.Autism in adulthood · 2026Article
- Gender Identity Profiles in Autistic and Non-Autistic Cisgender and Gender Diverse Youth, and Their Caregivers.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Gender differences in autism prevalence: origins of bias and its current scientific relevance.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Psychiatric Clinical Presentations in Adolescents and Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Gender Diversity: A Retrospective Chart Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Mental Health as a Key Mediator for Outcomes in Postsecondary Education, Employment, and Everyday Living in Autistic Adults.Autism in adulthood · 2025Article
- Gender and sex interactions are intrinsic components of cancer phenotypes.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- Sexual, Romantic, and Community Experiences of Individuals at the Intersection of Autism and Asexuality.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Obsessional thinking and autistic traits are each uniquely associated with greater traits of gender dysphoria in clinical and nonclinical adult samples.Molecular autism · 2025Article
- Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) symptoms in gender diverse adults and their relation to autistic traits, ADHD traits, and sensory sensitivities.Journal of eating disorders · 2025Article
- Social first impressions and perceived gender in autistic and non-autistic youth.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Examining the mental health symptoms of neurodivergent individuals across demographic and identity factors: a quantitative analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
High rates of gender variance have been reported in autistic people, with higher variance in autistic females than males. The social component of gender identity may be affected, with autistic females experiencing lower identification with and feeling less positively about their gender groups than controls. We measured gender identification, gender self-esteem, and aspects of gender expression (masculinity and femininity) in autistic natal males and females, and controls (N = 486). We found that autistic people had lower gender identification and gender self-esteem than controls, and autistic natal females had lower gender identification than autistic natal males and natal female controls. In conclusion, autistic people, particularly natal females, had lower social identification with and more negative feelings about a gender group.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.