ArticleFluids and barriers of the CNS2018
Fluid outflow in the rat spinal cord: the role of perivascular and paravascular pathways.
Article in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multimodal imaging maps spinal glymphatic transport in health and its disruption after injury.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- From gut to spinal cord glymphatic: Ginkgolide B's multifaceted approach to alleviating painful diabetic neuropathy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Oxymatrine alleviates symptoms in high-fat diet and STZ-induced SD rats with painful diabetic neuropathy by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Astrogliopathology: A core pathogenic factor in diabetic neuropathic pain.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- Changes of intestinal microbiome and its relationship with painful diabetic neuropathy in rats.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Association between diffusion tensor imaging analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS)-based glial-lymphatic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in non-small cell lung cancer.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Blockage of CSF Outflow in Rats after Deep Cervical Lymph Node Ligation Observed Using Gd-based MR Imaging.Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · 2024Article
- Understanding central nervous system fluid networks: Historical perspectives and a revised model for clinical neurofluid imaging.NMR in biomedicine · 2024Review
- An analytic model for the flow induced in syringomyelia cavities.Journal of fluid mechanics · 2024Article
- Liquiritin ameliorates painful diabetic neuropathy in SD rats by inhibiting NLRP3-MMP-9-mediated reversal of aquaporin-4 polarity in the glymphatic system.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Water channels in the brain and spinal cord-overview of the role of aquaporins in traumatic brain injury and traumatic spinal cord injury.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- The Physiological Occlusion of the Central Canal May Be a Prerequisite for Syringomyelia Formation.Neurospine · 2023Article
- A novel method to quantify perivascular space enlargement near the syrinx in a rodent model of post-traumatic syringomyelia.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Suppression of TGFβR-Smad3 pathway alleviates the syrinx induced by syringomyelia.Cell & bioscience · 2023Article
- Whole CNS 3D Cryo-Fluorescence Tomography Shows CSF Clearance along Nasal Lymphatics, Spinal Nerves, and Lumbar/Sacral Lymph Nodes.Journal of imaging · 2023Article
- HIV-Proteins-Associated CNS Neurotoxicity, Their Mediators, and Alternative Treatments.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2022Review
- Plasticity of the spinal glymphatic system in male SD rats with painful diabetic neuropathy induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus.Journal of neuroscience research · 2022Article
- Revisiting Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Direction and Rate in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- The "Cerebrospinal Fluid Sink Therapeutic Strategy" in Alzheimer's Disease-From Theory to Design of Applied Systems.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Changes in intrathoracic pressure, not arterial pulsations, exert the greatest effect on tracer influx in the spinal cord.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is thought to flow into the brain via perivascular spaces around arteries, where it mixes with interstitial fluid. The precise details concerning fluid outflow remain controversial. Although fluid dynamics have been studied in the brain, little is known about spinal cord fluid inflow and outflow. Understanding the normal fluid physiology of the spinal cord may give insight into the pathogenesis of spinal cord oedema and CSF disorders such as syringomyelia. We therefore aimed to determine the fluid outflow pathways in the rat spinal cord.
methodsA fluorescent tracer, Alexa-Fluor
resultsFluorescent tracer was distributed over two to three spinal levels adjacent to the injection site. In grey matter injections, tracer spread radially into the white matter. In white matter injections, tracer was confined to and redistributed along the longitudinal axonal fibres. Tracer was conducted towards the pial and ependymal surfaces along vascular structures. There was accumulation of tracer around the adventitia of the intramedullary arteries, veins and capillaries, as well as the extramedullary vessels. A distinct layer of tracer was deposited in the internal basement membrane of the tunica media of arteries. In half the grey matter injections, tracer was detected in the central canal.
conclusionsThese results suggest that in the spinal cord interstitial fluid movement is modulated by tissue diffusivity of grey and white matter. The central canal, and the compartments around or within blood vessels appear to be dominant pathways for fluid drainage in these experiments. There may be regional variations in fluid outflow capacity due to vascular and other anatomical differences between the grey and white matter.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.