ReviewHuman molecular genetics2018
The eXceptional nature of the X chromosome.
Review in Human molecular genetics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Sex matters: mechanistic insights into sex-driven patterns of autoimmunity and implications for pharmacotherapy.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Integrative Bioinformatics Analyses Reveal X Chromosome Inactivation Escape Genes Dosage Dysregulation Is the Primary Contributor to Turner Syndrome.Iranian journal of biotechnology · 2026Article
- Escape from X inactivation drives sex differences in gene expression.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Reproducible autosomal gene expression changes with loss of typical X and Y complement across tumor types.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Xq24/HemaSphere · 2025Article
- Mechanisms Underlying Treatment-Resistant Depression: Exploring Sex-Based Biological Differences.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Strategies for studying sex differences in brain aging.Trends in genetics : TIG · 2025Review
- Gene Dosage Sensitivity and Human Genetic Diseases.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2025Review
- Article
- Human XIST: Origin and Divergence of aNon-coding RNA · 2025Review
- CTCF-mediated insulation and chromatin environment modulate Car5b escape from X inactivation.BMC biology · 2025Article
- Human Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Data Supports the Hypothesis of X Chromosome Insensitivity but Is Ineffective in Testing the Dosage Compensation Model.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Article
- Trisomy silencing by XIST: translational prospects and challenges.Human genetics · 2024Review
- DNA methylation differences between the female and male X chromosomes in human brain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Delineation of an inverted tandem Xq23-26.3 duplication in a female featuring extremely short stature and mild mental deficiency.Molecular cytogenetics · 2023Article
- The Ploidy State as a Determinant of Hepatocyte Proliferation.Seminars in liver disease · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The X chromosome is unique in the genome. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the genetics and epigenetics of the X chromosome. The X chromosome shares limited conservation with its ancestral homologue the Y chromosome and the resulting difference in X-chromosome dosage between males and females is largely compensated for by X-chromosome inactivation. The process of inactivation is initiated by the long non-coding RNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) and achieved through interaction with multiple synergistic silencing pathways. Identification of Xist-interacting proteins has given insight into these processes yet the cascade of events from initiation to maintenance have still to be resolved. In particular, the initiation of inactivation in humans has been challenging to study as: it occurs very early in development; most human embryonic stem cell lines already have an inactive X; and the process seems to differ from mouse. Another difference between human and mouse X inactivation is the larger number of human genes that escape silencing. In humans over 20% of X-linked genes continue to be expressed from the otherwise inactive X chromosome. We are only beginning to understand how such escape occurs but there is growing recognition that escapees contribute to sexually dimorphic traits. The unique biology and epigenetics of the X chromosome have often led to its exclusion from disease studies, yet the X constitutes 5% of the genome and is an important contributor to disease, often in a sex-specific manner.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.