ArticleBMC health services research2018
The association between insurance coverage for insulin pen needles and healthcare resource utilization among insulin-dependent patients with diabetes in China.
Article in BMC health services research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pen Needle Reuse in People with Diabetes Who Inject Insulin: A Narrative Review.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026Review
- Health-Economic Modelling of Improved Behavior in Insulin Injection Technique in Belgium.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2025Article
- Access, awareness, and risk: drivers of unsafe sharps disposal and needle reuse in insulin-treated adults in China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Expert Opinion on Addressing the Gap in Injection Technique and Needle Reuse for People with Diabetes in Indonesia.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2023Article
- A Systematic Survey of Physicians' Insights Into Lipohypertrophy.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Insulin injection technique in the western region of Algeria, Tlemcen.The Pan African medical journal · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPen needles are an important component of insulin delivery among patients with diabetes, but are not universally covered in China. We compared clinical and economic characteristics of insulin-dependent patients in China who have some level of pen needle (PN) reimbursement to those with no PN reimbursement.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 insulin users with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes treated in outpatient endocrinology units of four large tertiary care hospitals in Nanjing, Chongqing, Beijing and Zhengzhou. Demographics, medical history, healthcare resource utilization (RU), out-of-pocket costs, insurance and PN reimbursement status were surveyed. Unit costs were assigned to healthcare RU and compared using descriptive statistics and multivariate regression models.
resultsA total of 400 patients were analyzed; 142 (35.5%) with some level of PN coverage/reimbursement and 258 (64.5%) without. Patients without PN reimbursement had a higher prevalence of lipohypertrophy (59.3% vs. 40.7%, p = 0.0007), greater median PN reuse (12 vs. 7 times per needle, p < 0.0001), greater 6-month insulin costs (1591 vs. 1328 Renminbi [RMB], p = 0.0025) and total unadjusted 6-month expenditures (6433 vs. 4432 RMB, p < 0.0001), respectively. After controlling for clinical and demographic characteristics, patients without PN reimbursement had 4.6 times greater odds of high costs compared to those with PN reimbursement.
conclusionsInsulin users without PN reimbursement may pose a greater economic burden to China compared to those with PN reimbursement. Expansion of insurance coverage for insulin PNs can improve the quality of care and potentially help reduce the economic burden in this population.
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