ArticleMolecular vision2018
Structure and microanalysis of tear film ferning of camel tears, human tears, and Refresh Plus.
Article in Molecular vision, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT-4o-Mini's Vision Capabilities for Compositional Analysis from Dried Solution Drops.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Chemical composition from photos: Dried solution drops reveal a morphogenetic tree.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Article
- Single-Tear Proteomics: A Feasible Approach to Precision Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Article
- Establishment of a Tear Ferning Test Protocol in the Mouse Model.Translational vision science & technology · 2020Article
- The use of tear ferning test in cats for evaluation of ocular surface.Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · 2020Article
- Comparison of Electrolyte Composition and Crystallization Patterns in Bird and Reptile Tears.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the tear ferning pattern and chemical elements of the tear film of camel tears compared with human tears and Refresh Plus eye lubricant. Refresh Plus was used as a control because it provides a healthy ferning pattern, due to the presence of an optimum ratio of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) sodium and electrolytes. The main research focus is elucidating the viability of camel tear film in the dry, harsh environment of the desert. Methods: The tears were collected from five camels, five male desert workers (20-25 years old) at a small village located 100 km from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and five male subjects (20-25 years old) from Riyadh. A small drop (1 μl) of tears was dried on a glass slide and observed under a light (Olympus BX1) and scanning electron microscope (Inspect S50, Field Electron and Ion Company [FEI]). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of the tear film and Refresh Plus were investigated with a JEOL 1400 scanning transmission electron microscope. Results: The camel tear film pattern was surrounded by thick, peripheral, homogenous layers containing small oily droplets, particles, and tiny branches in the tear ferning. The tear ferning of the camel was grade 0-1, whereas the tear ferning of human tears and Refresh Plus was grade 1-2. The mass percentage of chloride was highest in the camel tears. The mass percentage of potassium in the camel tears was greater than that in the human tears, but it was less than that in the Refresh Plus lubricant. Conclusions: Camel tears exhibit a better quality than human tears and Refresh Plus lubricant do. The presence of oily droplet-like structures at the periphery of tear ferning suggests that camel tear film may have a higher quality and quantity of minerals and lubricants, which may help the animal to avoid eye dryness. Future work is required to investigate the identification of the elements present in the peripheral and central part of the tear ferning.
Indexed as
Identifiers
29692599PMC5900468What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
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