ArticlePediatric obesity2018
Breastfeeding and growth during infancy among offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study.
Article in Pediatric obesity, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01967030 (SWIFT), which is not on this map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
SWIFT: Study of Women, Infant Feeding and Type 2 Diabetes After GDM Pregnancy
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alterations in Human Milk Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, and microRNAs in Mothers With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Compared With Healthy Controls: A Systematic Review and Network-Based Analysis.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- Cumulative Household Food Insecurity Is Associated with Adverse Eating Behaviors Among Youth Exposed to Gestational Diabetes in Utero.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding Intensity and Duration and Growth Trajectories in GDM Exposed Infants: The SWIFT Study.Pediatric obesity · 2026Article
- Advances in Research on Childhood-Obesity Associated With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of diabetes · 2026Review
- Midchildhood Obesity After Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The SWIFT Study in Youth.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Association of maternal overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus with offspring adiposity trajectory: from birth to early adolescence.Diabetologia · 2025Article
- Fetal exposure to gestational diabetes severity and postnatal infant feeding in the first year of life associated with preadolescent obesity: a prospective cohort.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Article
- Is Breastfeeding an Effective Approach to Reduce Metabolic Risk After GDM in Mothers and Infants?Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Evaluation of Selected Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines in Colostrum from Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Observational
- Gestational Diabetes: An Update 60 Years After O'Sullivan and Mahan.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Review
- Gestational Diabetes, the Human Milk Metabolome, and Infant Growth and Adiposity.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Breastfeeding, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Size at Birth and Overweight/Obesity in Early Childhood.Nutrients · 2024Article
- An unwelcome inheritance: childhood obesity after diabetes in pregnancy.Diabetologia · 2023Review
- The association of breast feeding for at least six months with hemodynamic and metabolic health of women and their children aged three years: an observational cohort study.International breastfeeding journal · 2023Observational
- The National Clinical Care Commission Report to Congress: Background, Methods, and Foundational Recommendations.Diabetes care · 2023Review
- Association of maternal body composition and diet on breast milk hormones and neonatal growth during the first month of lactation.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- The experience of women with recent gestational diabetes during the COVID-19 lockdown: a qualitative study from Denmark.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Well-controlled gestational diabetes mellitus without pharmacologic therapy decelerates weight gain in infancy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: Analytical Methods and Current Understanding.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Association of infant diet with subsequent obesity at 2-5 years among children exposed to gestational diabetes: the SWIFT study.Diabetologia · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBreastfeeding (BF) may protect against obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children exposed to maternal diabetes in utero, but its effects on infant growth among this high-risk group have rarely been evaluated.
objectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate BF intensity and duration in relation to infant growth from birth through 12 months among offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
methodsProspective cohort of 464 GDM mother-infant dyads (28% White, 36% Hispanic, 26% Asian, 8% Black, 2% other). Weight and length measured at birth, 6-9 weeks, 6 months and 12 months. Categorized as intensive BF or formula feeding (FF) groups at 6-9 weeks (study baseline), and intensity from birth through 12 months as Group 1: consistent exclusive/mostly FF, Group 2: transition from BF to FF within 3-9 months and Group 3: consistent exclusive/mostly BF. Multivariable mixed linear regression models estimated adjusted mean (95% confidence interval) change in z-scores; weight-for-length (WLZ), weight-for-age and length-for-age.
resultsCompared with intensive BF at 6-9 weeks, FF showed greater increases in WLZ-scores from 6 to 9 weeks to 6 months [+0.38 (0.13 to 0.62) vs. +0.02 (-0.15 to 0.19); p = 0.02] and birth to 12 months [+1.11 (0.87 to 1.34) vs. +0.53 (0.37 to 0.69); p < 0.001]. For 12-month intensity and duration, Groups 2 and 3 had smaller WLZ-score increases than Group 1 from 6 to 9 weeks to 6 months [-0.05 (-0.27 to 0.18) and +0.07 (-0.19 to 0.23) vs. +0.40 (0.15 to 0.64); p = 0.01 and 0.07], and birth to 12 months [+0.60 (0.39 to 0.82) and +0.59 (0.33 to 0.85) vs. +0.97 (0.75 to 1.19); p < 0.05].
conclusionsAmong offspring of mothers with GDM, high intensity BF from birth through 1 year is associated with slower infant ponderal growth and lower weight gain.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.