ReviewGeneral and comparative endocrinology2018
Dual function model revised by thyroid hormone receptor alpha knockout frogs.
Review in General and comparative endocrinology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retinoid-X receptor action and disruption in development.Developmental biology · 2026Review
- Metamorphosis and lncRNAs: A Close Relationship.Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) · 2026Review
- Understanding thyroid hormone receptor function in controlling developmental timing and rate in Xenopus: A journey from biochemistry and molecular biology to genetics.General and comparative endocrinology · 2026Review
- The dual function model revisited by thyroid hormone receptor knockouts: Unliganded state controlling the initiation of adult organ development while liganded state ensuring larval tissue resorption during metamorphosis.Developmental biology · 2026Review
- An in silico to in vivo approach identifies retinoid-X receptor activating tert-butylphenols used in food contact materials.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Thyroid hormone receptor subtype-specific function in controlling organ-specific developmental timing and rate duringFrontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Intestinal remodeling during Xenopus metamorphosis as a model for studying thyroid hormone signaling and adult organogenesis.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2024Article
- Effects of hormones on intestinal stem cells.Stem cell research & therapy · 2023Review
- Steroid-receptor coactivator complexes in thyroid hormone-regulation of Xenopus metamorphosis.Vitamins and hormones · 2023Article
- Essential and subtype-dependent function of thyroid hormone receptors during Xenopus metamorphosis.Vitamins and hormones · 2023Review
- Differential effects of 3,5-T2 and T3 on the gill regeneration and metamorphosis of theFrontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Cell cycle activation in thyroid hormone-induced apoptosis and stem cell development duringFrontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Upregulation of proto-oncogene ski by thyroid hormone in the intestine and tail during Xenopus metamorphosis.General and comparative endocrinology · 2022Article
- Review
- Dioxin Disrupts Thyroid Hormone and Glucocorticoid Induction of klf9, a Master Regulator of Frog Metamorphosis.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2022Article
- Sperm associated antigen 7 is activated by T3 during Xenopus tropicalis metamorphosis via a thyroid hormone response element within the first intron.Development, growth & differentiation · 2022Article
- Life Without Thyroid Hormone Receptor.Endocrinology · 2021Review
- Article
- The development of adult intestinal stem cells: Insights from studies on thyroid hormone-dependent anuran metamorphosis.Vitamins and hormones · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
All vertebrates require thyroid hormone (TH) for normal growth and development. Plasma TH enters cells and alters gene expression via nuclear receptors TRα and TRβ. In-vitro studies showed that TRs function as repressors of TH-inducible genes in the absence of TH and as activators of those same genes in the presence of TH. A dual function model was proposed to harmonize these molecular TR actions with the dynamic expression of TRs and peak in production of TH experienced during development. Conclusive tests of the repression activity of TRs early in development as predicted by the model awaited gene knockout technology targeting TRα. At the molecular level, active repression of genes involved in metamorphosis by TRα in the absence of TH was confirmed in whole bodies and intestine from TRα knockout studies. As a consequence of this reduced repression in TRα knockout animals, initiation of limb morphogenesis occurs precociously. However, subsequent limb development is retarded during rising plasma TH levels due to reduced TR-dependent responsivity to TH. In contrast to the limbs, intestine remodeling is delayed by one to two developmental stages in TRα knockout animals, despite de-repressed levels of TH-induced genes during premetamorphosis. Surprisingly, in the absence of TRα, hind limbs do not require gene induction by TH signaling to complete morphological growth and development, which is contrary to prediction by the dual function model. Full evaluation of the dual function model for all organs awaits the production of TRα and TRβ double knockout frogs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.