ReviewThe international journal of neuropsychopharmacology2019
The Genetics of Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Critical Review and Future Perspectives.
Review in The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide meta-analyses of non-response to antidepressants provide insights into underlying molecular genetics and suggest potential pharmacotherapies.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Genome-wide association meta-analysis and rare copy number variant analysis of treatment-resistant depression.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Genetic Landscape of Major Depressive Disorder: Assessment of Potential Diagnostic and Antidepressant Response Markers.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Economic evaluation in psychiatric pharmacogenomics: a systematic review.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2021Pooled it
- Genomic Investigation of Remission and Relapse of Psychotic Depression Treated with Sertraline plus Olanzapine: The STOP-PD II Study.Neuropsychobiology · 2023Trial
- Short-chain fatty acid-producing psychobiotics in mood disorders: mechanistic insights into the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Clinical nutrition research · 2026Article
- Integrating multi-polygenic scores for enhanced prediction of antidepressant treatment outcomes in an East Asian population.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Rethinking the Treatment-Resistant Depression.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Episode-wide Maudsley staging in treatment-resistant depression: a longitudinal tertiary-care comparison of dimensional and categorical outcomes.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Treatment resistant depression: Socio-demographic characteristics, comorbidity and treatment patterns from the All of Us Research Program.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- Genetic factors and symptom dimensions associated with antidepressant treatment outcomes: clues for new potential therapeutic targets?European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Review
- Defining Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression: Recommendations From the ISBD Task Force.Bipolar disorders · 2025Review
- Exploring depression treatment response by using polygenic risk scoring across diverse populations.American journal of human genetics · 2025Article
- Antidepressant Switching as a Proxy Phenotype for Drug Nonresponse: Investigating Clinical, Demographic, and Genetic Characteristics.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Symptom networks in major depressive disorder and treatment response: special focus on TRD.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Emerging Medications for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Review with Perspective on Mechanisms and Challenges.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Pharmaco-Multiomics: A New Frontier in Precision Psychiatry.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Treatment-resistant depression: molecular mechanisms and management.Molecular biomedicine · 2024Review
- Genome-Wide Association Study of Treatment-Resistant Depression: Shared Biology With Metabolic Traits.The American journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- Facts and myths about use of esketamine for treatment-resistant depression: a narrative clinical review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: One-third of depressed patients develop treatment-resistant depression with the related sequelae in terms of poor functionality and worse prognosis. Solid evidence suggests that genetic variants are potentially valid predictors of antidepressant efficacy and could be used to provide personalized treatments. Methods: The present review summarizes genetic findings of treatment-resistant depression including results from candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies. The limitations of these approaches are discussed, and suggestions to improve the design of future studies are provided. Results: Most studies used the candidate gene approach, and few genes showed replicated associations with treatment-resistant depression and/or evidence obtained through complementary approaches (e.g., gene expression studies). These genes included GRIK4, BDNF, SLC6A4, and KCNK2, but confirmatory evidence in large cohorts was often lacking. Genome-wide association studies did not identify any genome-wide significant association at variant level, but pathways including genes modulating actin cytoskeleton, neural plasticity, and neurogenesis may be associated with treatment-resistant depression, in line with results obtained by genome-wide association studies of antidepressant response. The improvement of aggregated tests (e.g., polygenic risk scores), possibly using variant/gene prioritization criteria, the increase in the covering of genetic variants, and the incorporation of clinical-demographic predictors of treatment-resistant depression are proposed as possible strategies to improve future pharmacogenomic studies. Conclusions: Genetic biomarkers to identify patients with higher risk of treatment-resistant depression or to guide treatment in these patients are not available yet. Methodological improvements of future studies could lead to the identification of genetic biomarkers with clinical validity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.