SynthesisBMJ open2018
Association of seasonal viral acute respiratory infection with pneumococcal disease: a systematic review of population-based studies.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of respiratory co-infection with influenza or respiratory syncytial virus in the clinical severity of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2022Pooled it
- The role of viral co-infections in the severity of acute respiratory infections among children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2020Pooled it
- Association between seasonal respiratory virus activity and invasive pneumococcal disease in central Ontario, Canada.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Decreased Pneumococcal Carriage Among Older Adults in Denmark During the COVID-19 Lockdown.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Association of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic With Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, Pneumococcal Carriage, and Respiratory Viral Infections Among Children in France.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis.Lancet (London, England) · 2022Review
- Estimation of the incidence of hospitalization for non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia in the Norwegian population aged 50 years and older.Epidemiology and infection · 2022Article
- Individual-level Association of Influenza Infection With Subsequent Pneumonia: A Case-control and Prospective Cohort Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Pneumonia Following Symptomatic Influenza Infection Among Nicaraguan Children Before and After Introduction of the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Associations between common respiratory viruses and invasive group A streptococcal infection: A time-series analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2019Article
- Unraveling the seasonal epidemiology of pneumococcus.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveAnimal and in vitro studies suggest that viral acute respiratory infection (VARI) can predispose to pneumococcal infection. These findings suggest that the prevention of VARI can yield additional benefits for the control of pneumococcal disease (PD). In population-based studies, however, the evidence is not in accordance, possibly due to a variety of methodological challenges and problems in these studies. We aimed to summarise and critically review the methods and results from these studies in order to inform future studies.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review of population-based studies that analysed the association between preceding seasonal VARI and subsequent PD. We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Global Health databases using tailored search strategies.
resultsA total of 28 studies were included. After critically reviewing the methodologies and findings, 11 studies did not control for seasonal factors shared by VARI and PD. This, in turn, could lead to an overestimation of the association between the two illnesses. One case-control study was limited by its small sample size (n case=13). The remaining 16 studies that controlled for seasonal factors suggested that influenza and/or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections were likely to be associated with the subsequent occurrence of PD (influenza: 12/14 studies; RSV: 4/5 studies). However, these 16 studies were unable to conduct individual patient data-based analyses. Nevertheless, these studies suggested the association between VARI and subsequent PD was related to additional factors such as virus type and subtype, age group, comorbidity status, presentation of PD and pneumococcal serotype.
conclusionsPopulation-based studies do not give consistent support for an association between preceding seasonal VARI and subsequent PD incidence. The main methodological challenges of existing studies include the failure to use individual patient data, control for seasonal factors of VARI and PD, or include other factors related to the association (eg, virus, age, comorbidity and pneumococcal serotype).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.