ArticlePregnancy hypertension2018
The impact of female fetal sex on preeclampsia and the maternal immune milieu.
Article in Pregnancy hypertension, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06160037 (Influence of Prenatal and Early Childhood Home-Visiting by Nurses on Development of Chronic Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Influence of Prenatal and Early Childhood Home-Visiting by Nurses on Development of Chronic Disease: 29-year Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fetal sex and maternal pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Biology of sex differences · 2020Pooled it
- Pravastatin Corrects Endothelial Dysfunction in Ex Vivo Uterine Radial Arteries in Preeclampsia.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026Trial
- Early Home Visits and Health Outcomes in Low-Income Mothers and Offspring: 18-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- The neuro-immune axis in preeclampsia: from the maternal-fetal interface to systemic dysregulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune modulation by sex hormones: unveiling the complex interplay and regulatory networks.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Fetal sex shapes maternal immune adaptation: placental extracellular vesicles differentially reprogram the phenotype, metabolism, and function of circulating monocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Male newborn as a determinant of severe preeclampsia: a case-control study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A Changepoint Detection-Based General Methodology for Robust Signal Processing: An Application to Understand Preeclampsia's Mechanisms.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Higher prevalence of gestational diabetes in euthyroid women with thyroid autoimmunity who were expecting a female fetus.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- Maternal lipids in overweight and obesity: implications for pregnancy outcomes and offspring's body composition.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- Understanding preeclampsia from cutting edge knowledge-protecting maternal and fetal health.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Review
- Sex-specific phenotypical, functional and metabolic profiles of human term placenta macrophages.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Placental Origins of Preeclampsia: Insights from Multi-Omic Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Sexually dimorphic DNA methylation and gene expression patterns in human first trimester placenta.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites in relation to preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the environmental influences on child health outcomes (ECHO) program.Environment international · 2024Article
- Fetal Sexual Dimorphism and Preeclampsia Among Twin Pregnancies.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2024Article
- Developmental programming: Impact of preconceptional and gestational exposure to a real-life environmental chemical mixture on maternal steroid, cytokine and oxidative stress milieus in sheep.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- Fetal sexual dimorphism and preeclampsia among twin pregnancies.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- Adverse birth outcomes are associated with circulating matrix metalloproteinases among pregnant women in Puerto Rico.Journal of reproductive immunology · 2023Article
- Maternal COVID-19 infection and the fetus: Immunological and neurological perspectives.New microbes and new infections · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveSmall studies suggest that fetal sex alters maternal inflammation. We examined the association between fetal sex, preeclampsia and circulating maternal immune markers.
methodsThis was a secondary data analysis within a nested case-control study of 216 preeclamptic women and 432 randomly selected normotensive controls from the Collaborative Perinatal Project. All women had singleton, primiparous pregnancies without chronic health conditions. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between female fetal sex and preeclampsia. Outcomes included preeclampsia, preterm preeclampsia (<37 and <34 weeks), and normotensive preterm birth <37 weeks. Associations between female fetal sex and immune markers [interleukin (IL)-6, IL4, IL5, IL12, IL10, IL8, IL1-beta, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-beta, and transforming growth factor-beta] were examined using a statistical method developed for large proportions of censored biomarker data. Models were adjusted for maternal age, race, body mass index, and smoking.
resultsWomen with early preterm preeclampsia (<34 weeks) had higher odds of having a female fetus (OR
conclusionsWe identified sexual dimorphism in maternal inflammation. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if fetal sex impacts the maternal immune milieu across pregnancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.