ArticleContraception2018
Recent intrauterine device use and the risk of precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer.
Article in Contraception, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Association of cervical cancer and intrauterine device use: a narrative review.BMC women's health · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Adverse Effects of Levonorgestrel Emergency Oral Contraceptive.Clinical drug investigation · 2020Pooled it
- Effect of contraceptive methods on the vaginal microbiome and host immune factors.Contraception · 2025Trial
- Cancer Risk Profile of the Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine Device: A Narrative Review.Cancers · 2026Review
- Menstrual, reproductive, and contraceptive factors associated with cervical cancer in women aged ≤35 years: an individually matched case-control study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Prevalence of cervical intraepithelial lesions and associated factors among women attending a cervical cancer clinic in Western Uganda; results based on Pap smear cytology.SAGE open medicine · 2024Article
- Copper in Gynecological Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Risk of precancerous cervical lesions in women using a hormone-containing intrauterine device and other contraceptives: a register-based cohort study from Denmark.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2021Article
- Distribution of HPV Genotypes Differs Depending on Behavioural Factors among Young Women.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- The effect of age On cervical cancer screening in women aged 20-29.Acta clinica Croatica · 2020Article
- The Use of Copper as an Antimicrobial Agent in Health Care, Including Obstetrics and Gynecology.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveUnderstanding the effect of contraceptives on the development of precancerous lesions of the cervix and cervical cancer may provide information that is valuable to women in contraceptive decision-making. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between recent intrauterine device (IUD) use (by type) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2, 3, adenocarcinoma in situ or cancer (CIN2+ or CIN3+). STUDY
designCase-control study of 17,559 women age 18-49 with incident CIN2+ cases and 5:1 age-matched, incidence-density selected controls (N=87,378) who were members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California Healthcare System from 1996 to 2014. Recent IUD use, within 18 months prior to index, was the exposure of interest.
resultsWe identified 1,657 IUD users among the cases and 7,925 IUD users among controls. After adjusting for sexually transmitted infection testing, smoking, HPV vaccination, hormonal contraceptive use, parity, race and number of outpatient healthcare system visits, IUD use was associated with an increased rate of CIN2+ [rate ratio (RR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (1.05-1.18), p<0.001] but not CIN3+ [RR 1.02 (0.93-1.11), p=0.71]. Levonorgestrel-IUD use was associated with an increased rate of CIN2+ [RR 1.18 (1.08-1.30), p<0.001] but not CIN3+ [RR 1.05 (0.91-1.21), p=0.48]. Copper-IUD use was not associated with CIN2+ [RR 0.88 (0.75-1.04), p=0.13] or CIN3+ [RR 0.81 (0.64-1.02), p=0.07].
conclusionRecent IUD use had variable weak associations with CIN2+ but was not associated with increased risk of CIN3+. IMPLICATIONS: Recent levonorgestrel-IUD use may be associated with CIN2, a lesion with a high rate of regression, but not CIN3, which is considered a true pre-cancerous lesion. The observed association between levonorgestrel-IUDs and CIN2+ was modest but warrants further investigation. It may have clinical importance for contraceptive counseling if this finding is shown to be consistent across other studies and other populations.
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Registered trials
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