ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2018
Proinflammatory Markers, Chemokines, and Enkephalin in Patients Suffering from Dry Eye Disease.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The effect of 0.1% topical ciclosporin a for 12-weeks on the ocular surface innate and adaptive immune response in dry eye disease: protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Translating Biomarker Discovery: From Bench to Bedside in Dry Eye Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Clinical Characterization of the Lacrimal Functional Unit in Patients with Chronic Ocular Pain Associated with Dry Eye Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Serum Pyroptosis-Related Cytokines as Biomarkers for Diagnostic Assessment and Risk Stratification of Ocular Graft-versus-Host Disease: A Case-Control Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Unveiling Ocular Manifestations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Neural Regeneration in Dry Eye Secondary to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Is Also Disrupted like in Rheumatoid Arthritis, but in a Progressive Fashion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- IFN-γ Facilitates Corneal Epithelial Cell Pyroptosis Through the JAK2/STAT1 Pathway in Dry Eye.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Mechanisms Underlining Inflammatory Pain Sensitivity in Mice Selected for High and Low Stress-Induced Analgesia-The Role of Endocannabinoids and Microglia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Immunity and pain in the eye: focus on the ocular surface.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2022Review
- A Novel Rat Model of Dry Eye Induced by Aerosol Exposure of Particulate Matter.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- Clinical efficacy of 0.05% cyclosporine nano-emulsion in the treatment of dry eye syndrome associated with meibomian gland dysfunction.International journal of ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Title: P2x7 Receptor Activation and Estrogen Status Drive Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in a Rat Model for Dry Eye.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- GlicoPro, Novel Standardized and Sterile Snail Mucus Extract for Multi-Modulative Ocular Formulations: New Perspective in Dry Eye Disease Management.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Corneal Nerve Abnormalities in Painful Dry Eye Disease Patients.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Alterations in corneal nerves in different subtypes of dry eye disease: An in vivo confocal microscopy study.The ocular surface · 2021Article
- Assessment of reliability and validity of the 5-scale grading system of the point-of-care immunoassay for tear matrix metalloproteinase-9.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Recent Developments About the Pathogenesis of Dry Eye Disease: Based on Immune Inflammatory Mechanisms.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Desiccation Induced Conjunctival Monocyte Recruitment and Activation - Implications for Keratoconjunctivitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Differentially Expressed Gene Pathways in the Conjunctiva of Sjögren Syndrome Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dry eye symptoms are among the leading complaints in ophthalmology. Dry eye disease (DED) is associated with significant pain affecting quality of life. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying ocular pain associated with DED are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the ocular surface of patients with DED using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) to quantify corneal nerve density and its relation with corneal inflammation. Gene expression of the proinflammatory markers HLA-DR, IL-6, CXCL12, and CCL2 and the receptors CXCR4 and CCR2, as well as PENK (enkephalin precursor), was therefore quantified in conjunctival impression cytology specimens. Thirty-two patients with DED and 15 age-matched controls were included. Subbasal nerve density was significantly lower in DED patients compared to controls. IVCM analysis revealed that DED patients had a significantly higher corneal dendritic cell density compared to controls. Conjunctival impression cytology analysis revealed that HLA-DR, IL-6, CXCR4, and CCL2/CCR2 mRNA levels were significantly increased in DED patients compared to controls, whereas PENK mRNA levels were significantly decreased. Similar results were obtained in vitro on immortalized human conjunctiva-derived epithelial cells challenged with osmotic stress that mimics the DED condition. These results demonstrate that proinflammatory molecules and endogenous enkephalin have opposite gene regulation during DED.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.