Observational studyAnesthesiology2018
Neuropsychological and Behavioral Outcomes after Exposure of Young Children to Procedures Requiring General Anesthesia: The Mayo Anesthesia Safety in Kids (MASK) Study.
Observational study in Anesthesiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 234 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
General Anesthesia Exposed Infants Neurodevelopment Investigation: a Multi-center Prospective Cohort Study United in Shanghai
Effects of General Anesthesia on Brain Functional Connectivity and Cognition in Children With Potential Neurological Damage
The EPigenetic Consequences in Children of Intravenous vs Volatile Anaesthesia for Surgery (EPIVA) - A Randomised, Feasibility Trial
Association Between Prenatal Anesthesia Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcome : an Ambi-directional Cohort Study
Who cites it
234 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Early childhood exposure to general anesthesia and subsequent risk of learning disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Pooled it
- Brain injury and long-term outcome after neonatal surgery for non-cardiac congenital anomalies.Pediatric research · 2023Pooled it
- Usefulness of serum neurofilament light in the assessment of neurologic outcome in the pediatric population: a systematic literature review.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Pooled it
- Anesthetic Exposure During Childhood and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- General anesthesia in children and long-term neurodevelopmental deficits: A systematic review.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- MRI surveillance of boys with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy identified by newborn screening: Meta-analysis and consensus guidelines.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2021Guideline
- Prospectively assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes in studies of anaesthetic neurotoxicity in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.British journal of anaesthesia · 2021Pooled it
- Sedative Choice and Neurocognitive Outcomes After Critical Illness in Early Childhood.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Remimazolam versus Sevoflurane for Paediatric Circumcision: A Randomised Controlled Trial Evaluating Emergence Delirium.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Perianesthetic Complications in Genetic Mitochondrial Disease: A Review of Case Reports.Paediatric anaesthesia · 2026Review
- Neonatal Sevoflurane Exposure Induces Long-Term Cognitive Impairment via Epigenetically Mediated MMP9 Activation and Perineuronal Net Disruption in the Hippocampal CA2.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Long-term neurodevelopmental and psychiatric risks after general anesthesia in early childhood: a nationwide population-based cohort study.Journal of anesthesia · 2026Article
- Posterior hemivertebra resection in children younger than three years: a single-center retrospective case series of medium-term outcomes, complications, and technical considerations.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Ketamine Across the Dose-State Continuum: EEG Signatures, Network Dynamics, and Implications for Brain-State Monitoring in Anesthesia and Critical Care.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Public-Facing Short Videos on Paediatric General Anaesthesia and Child Neurodevelopment: Quality, Misinformation and Implications for Parent-Centred Risk Communication.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- Performance of 5 Large Language Models in Perioperative Consultation for Pediatric Hypospadias: Cross-Sectional Comparative Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- A closed-head, rotational traumatic brain injury model demonstrates deficits in righting reflex, neurological function, and auditory brainstem responses in rats.Brain injury · 2026Article
- Associations of Sleep Disordered Breathing and Neurodevelopment with Pre-Speech Function in 2-Month-Old Infants with Oral Cleft: A Feasibility Study.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026Observational
- Sevoflurane, but not alphaxalone, causes lasting autism spectrum disorder-like pathology in male mice after exposure occurs during synaptogenesis.Neuropharmacology · 2026Article
174 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFew studies of how exposure of children to anesthesia may affect neurodevelopment employ comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. This study tested the hypothesis that exposure to multiple, but not single, procedures requiring anesthesia before age 3 yr is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
methodsUnexposed, singly exposed, and multiply exposed children born in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1994 to 2007 were sampled using a propensity-guided approach and underwent neuropsychological testing at ages 8 to 12 or 15 to 20 yr. The primary outcome was the Full-Scale intelligence quotient standard score of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Secondary outcomes included individual domains from a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and parent reports.
resultsIn total, 997 children completed testing (411, 380, and 206 unexposed, singly exposed, and multiply exposed, respectively). The primary outcome of intelligence quotient did not differ significantly according to exposure status; multiply exposed and singly exposed children scoring 1.3 points (95% CI, -3.8 to 1.2; P = 0.32) and 0.5 points (95% CI, -2.8 to 1.9; P = 0.70) lower than unexposed children, respectively. For secondary outcomes, processing speed and fine motor abilities were decreased in multiply but not singly exposed children; other domains did not differ. The parents of multiply exposed children reported increased problems related to executive function, behavior, and reading.
conclusionsAnesthesia exposure before age 3 yr was not associated with deficits in the primary outcome of general intelligence. Although secondary outcomes must be interpreted cautiously, they suggest the hypothesis that multiple, but not single, exposures are associated with a pattern of changes in specific neuropsychological domains that is associated with behavioral and learning difficulties.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.