ReviewFrontiers in immunology2018
Immunology of Cryptococcal Infections: Developing a Rational Approach to Patient Therapy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence and mortality of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2021Pooled it
- Immunoadsorption-Based HLA Desensitization in Patients Awaiting Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation: An Interventional, Non-Randomised, Single Cohort Study.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2023Trial
- Immunological mechanism behind reactivated cryptococcosis in persistently infected mice following FTY720 treatment.Infection and immunity · 2026Article
- Rituximab-associated cryptococcal meningitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report.Medical mycology case reports · 2026Article
- Anti-cytokine autoantibodies in cryptococcal meningitis differ by HIV status: A cross-sectional analysis.Medical mycology · 2026Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine-driven immune responses in HIV-negative cryptococcal meningitis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Advances in cryptococcal infections-associated immunopathology and potential therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Cryptococcal dumbbell inflammatory pseudotumor mimicking skull histiocytic sarcoma in immunocompetent patient.Surgical neurology international · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- mGem: When immunity turns against itself-GM-CSF autoantibodies drive opportunistic infection risk.mBio · 2025Review
- Divergent Immunomodulatory Roles of Fungal DNA in Shaping Treg and Inflammatory Responses.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Polyphosphatases have a polyphosphate-independent influence on the virulence ofInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- The Hidden Fortress: A Comprehensive Review of Fungal Biofilms with Emphasis onJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Cryptococcal infection: host immunity, immune evasion and emerging immunotherapeutic strategies.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Research progress on immunometabolism and gut microbiota in cryptococcal meningitis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- State of the Field: Cytotoxic Immune Cell Responses inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Cryptococcal Meningitis in Diverse Patient Populations in New York City.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Lactate Levels as a Prognostic Indicator in Patients With Cryptococcal Meningitis Who Are HIV Negative: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is responsible for upwards of 15% of HIV-related deaths worldwide and is currently the most common cause of non-viral meningitis in the US, affecting both previously healthy and people with immune suppression caused by cancer chemotherapy, transplantation, and biologic therapies. Despite a continued 30-50% attributable mortality, recommended therapeutic strategies have remained largely unchanged since the 1950s. Recent murine models and human studies examining the role of the immune system in both susceptibility to the infection as well as host damage have begun to influence patient care decisions. The Damage Framework Response, originally proposed in 1999, was recently used to discuss dichotomous etiologies of host damage in cryptococcal disease. These include patients suffering microbiological damage with low host immunity (especially those immunosuppressed with HIV) and those having low (live) microbiological burden but high immune-mediated damage (HIV-related immune reconstitution syndrome and non-HIV-related postinfectious inflammatory response syndrome). Cryptococcal disease in previously healthy hosts, albeit rare, has been known for a long time. Immunophenotyping and dendritic cell-T cell signaling studies on cerebral spinal fluid of these rare patients reveal immune capacity for recognition and T-cell activation pathways including increased levels of HLA-DR and CD56. However, despite effective T-cell signals, brain biopsy and autopsy specimens demonstrated an M2 alternative macrophage polarization and poor phagocytosis of fungal cells. These studies expand the paradigm for cryptococcal disease susceptibility to include a prominent role for immune-mediated damage and suggest a need for careful individual consideration of immune activation during therapy of cryptococcal disease in diverse hosts.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.