Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29669907›Full record

ArticleNeurology2018

Mild TBI and risk of Parkinson disease: A Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Study.

Raquel C Gardner, Amy L Byers, Deborah E Barnes, Yixia Li, John Boscardin, Kristine Yaffe

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neurology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 170 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
170citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

170 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Risk of Degenerative Synucleinopathies: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2023
    Pooled it
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  12. Differentiating between the impact of sex and gender in Parkinson's disease: utilising these to advance current understanding and care practices.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026
    Review
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  18. Progression Independent of the Triggering Event in Neurologic Diseases.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025
    Article
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  20. Mechanical Forces Guide Axon Growth through the Nigrostriatal Pathway in an Organotypic Model.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article

110 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Raquel C GardnerFrom the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.C.G., A.L.B., D.E.B., Y.L., J.B., K.Y.), and Departments of Neurology (R.C.G., K.Y.), Psychiatry (A.L.B., D.E.B., K.Y.), Epidemiology & Biostatistics (D.E.B., J.B., K.Y.), and Medicine (J.B.), University of California, San Francisco. Raquel.Gardner@ucsf.edu.
Amy L ByersFrom the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.C.G., A.L.B., D.E.B., Y.L., J.B., K.Y.), and Departments of Neurology (R.C.G., K.Y.), Psychiatry (A.L.B., D.E.B., K.Y.), Epidemiology & Biostatistics (D.E.B., J.B., K.Y.), and Medicine (J.B.), University of California, San Francisco.
Deborah E BarnesFrom the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.C.G., A.L.B., D.E.B., Y.L., J.B., K.Y.), and Departments of Neurology (R.C.G., K.Y.), Psychiatry (A.L.B., D.E.B., K.Y.), Epidemiology & Biostatistics (D.E.B., J.B., K.Y.), and Medicine (J.B.), University of California, San Francisco.
Yixia LiFrom the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.C.G., A.L.B., D.E.B., Y.L., J.B., K.Y.), and Departments of Neurology (R.C.G., K.Y.), Psychiatry (A.L.B., D.E.B., K.Y.), Epidemiology & Biostatistics (D.E.B., J.B., K.Y.), and Medicine (J.B.), University of California, San Francisco.
John BoscardinFrom the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.C.G., A.L.B., D.E.B., Y.L., J.B., K.Y.), and Departments of Neurology (R.C.G., K.Y.), Psychiatry (A.L.B., D.E.B., K.Y.), Epidemiology & Biostatistics (D.E.B., J.B., K.Y.), and Medicine (J.B.), University of California, San Francisco.
Kristine YaffeFrom the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.C.G., A.L.B., D.E.B., Y.L., J.B., K.Y.), and Departments of Neurology (R.C.G., K.Y.), Psychiatry (A.L.B., D.E.B., K.Y.), Epidemiology & Biostatistics (D.E.B., J.B., K.Y.), and Medicine (J.B.), University of California, San Francisco.

Funding

Predictors & Outcomes of Cognitive Trajectories in the Oldest OldK24AG031155 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI YAFFE, KRISTINE · 2007 to 2020
$1.5M
Traumatic Brain Injury and The Aging Brain: Predictors of Clinical TrajectoriesK23NS095755 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GARDNER, RAQUEL C. · 2015 to 2019
$872k
NIA NIH HHS K24 AG031155NINDS NIH HHS K23 NS095755
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveOur aim was to assess risk of Parkinson disease (PD) following traumatic brain injury (TBI), including specifically mild TBI (mTBI), among care recipients in the Veterans Health Administration.

methodsIn this retrospective cohort study, we identified all patients with a TBI diagnosis in Veterans Health Administration databases from October 2002 to September 2014 and age-matched 1:1 to a random sample of patients without TBI. All patients were aged 18 years and older without PD or dementia at baseline. TBI exposure and severity were determined via detailed clinical assessments or ICD-9 codes using Department of Defense and Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center criteria. Baseline comorbidities and incident PD more than 1 year post-TBI were identified using ICD-9 codes. Risk of PD after TBI was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for demographics and medical/psychiatric comorbidities.

resultsAmong 325,870 patients (half with TBI; average age 47.9 ± 17.4 years; average follow-up 4.6 years), 1,462 were diagnosed with PD during follow-up. Compared to no TBI, those with TBI had higher incidence of PD (no TBI 0.31%, all-severity TBI 0.58%, mTBI 0.47%, moderate-severe TBI 0.75%). In adjusted models, all-severity TBI, mTBI, and moderate-severe TBI were associated with increased risk of PD (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: all-severity TBI 1.71 [1.53-1.92]; mTBI 1.56 [1.35-1.80]; moderate-severe TBI 1.83 [1.61-2.07]).

conclusionsAmong military veterans, mTBI is associated with 56% increased risk of PD, even after adjusting for demographics and medical/psychiatric comorbidities. This study highlights the importance of TBI prevention, long-term follow-up of TBI-exposed veterans, and the need to determine mechanisms and modifiable risk factors for post-TBI PD.

Indexed as

AdultAgedBrain ConcussionCase-Control StudiesCohort StudiesFemaleHospitals, VeteransHumansMaleMiddle AgedNeurologic ExaminationParkinson DiseaseRisk FactorsUnited States

Identifiers

PMID29669907
PMCPMC5957305

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.