ArticleRespiratory research2018
Human alveolar macrophages predominately express combined classical M1 and M2 surface markers in steady state.
Article in Respiratory research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers.
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Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed.
- Identification of macrophage activation-related biomarkers in obese type 2 diabetes that may be indicative of enhanced respiratory risk in COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
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- Immunological mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies for sepsis‑associated acute kidney injury (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Enabling Anti-inflammatory Activity through Hyaluronan-coated PLGA Nanoparticles Loaded with Carvacrol.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- Autologous human iPSC-derived alveolus-on-chip reveals early pathological events ofScience advances · 2026Article
- Compartment-specific immune responses to BoAHV-1 transplacental infection in late gestation.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Lung scRNA-seq reveals chronic inflammation and emphysemous phenotype in mice with osteogenesis imperfecta.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Article
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- Lesion-specific features of macrophage polarization contribute toFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The single-cell immune atlas of bacterial pneumonia: from inflammatory cell infiltration to treatable cell states.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- The intracellular agent of Q fever,mBio · 2025Article
- Human alveolar macrophage response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: immune characteristics underlying large inter-individual variability.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Immunological Pre-Metastatic Niche in Dogs With Naturally Occurring Osteosarcoma.Veterinary and comparative oncology · 2025Article
- Exploring the pathogenesis and clinical implications of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma-COPD overlap (ACO): a narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
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- Bufei Jiedu Formula enhances CD40 activation and macrophage polarization to eliminate intracellular MRSA persisters.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The role of monocytes and macrophages in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: insights into pathogenesis and potential targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) are critical to the homeostasis of the inflammatory environment in the lung. Differential expression of surface markers classifies macrophages to either classically (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). We investigated the phenotype of human alveolar macrophages (AM) in adults living in two different geographical locations: UK and Malawi. We show that the majority of AM express high levels of M1 and M2 markers simultaneously, with the M1/M2 phenotype being stable in individuals from different geographical locations. The combined M1/M2 features confer to AM a hybrid phenotype, which does not fit the classic macrophage classification. This hybrid phenotype may confer to alveolar macrophages an ability to quickly switch between M1 or M2 associated functions allowing for appropriate responses to stimuli and tissue environment.
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Registered trials
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