ArticleBMC medicine2018
Ethnic minority inequalities in access to treatments for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders: findings from a nationally representative cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- What works for whom: a systematic review of inequalities in inclusion and effectiveness of social interventions for mental ill- health.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Cultural Adaptations to the Assessment and Treatment of Trauma Experiences Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2026Pooled it
- Ethnic disparities in clozapine prescription for service-users with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a systematic review.Psychological medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Comparison of Black and White participants with severe mental illness in response to cognitive remediation as an augmentation of vocational rehabilitation.Schizophrenia research · 2023Trial
- From early intervention in psychosis to intensive care: correlates of restrictive psychiatric practice in a national retrospective cohort study.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2026Article
- Article
- Efficacy and Safety of KarXT (Xanomeline-Trospium; Cobenfy™) in Schizophrenia: A Systematic and Meta-Analysis Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2025Review
- Ethnic disparities, clinical and pathways to care characteristics associated with the offer, uptake, and type of psychological therapy during first-episode psychosis: examining the role of early intervention for psychosis.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Access to psychological therapies amongst patients with a mental health diagnosis in primary care: a data linkage study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Understanding the intersections between ethnicity, area-level deprivation, and inpatient-related features amongst patients with psychotic disorders: a mental health electronic records analysis.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Understanding clozapine-related blood dyscrasias. Developments, genetics, ethnicity and disparity: it's a CIN.BJPsych bulletin · 2025Review
- An opportunistic qualitative evaluation of the acceptability and feasibility of remote cognitive behavioral group intervention for bipolar disorder.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Knowledge is power: understandings of accessibility from mental health service providers in ethnically diverse communities.Cogent mental health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Implementation of Psychiatric Advance Directives Among Veterans With Serious Mental Illness.Psychiatric research and clinical practice · 2025Article
- Reasons for discontinuing and restarting lithium multiple times: a case-register study based on the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Clinical Record Interactive Search system.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Suicide in mental health patients in the UK between 2005 and 2021: study of methods and clinical characteristics to inform prevention.BJPsych open · 2024Article
- Clozapine Use Among People With Psychotic Disorders Who Experience Specific Indications for Clozapine.The Journal of clinical psychiatry · 2024Article
- Differences in schizophrenia treatments by race and ethnicity-analysis of electronic health records.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment Associated With Schizophrenia: State of the Art and Future Perspectives.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2024Article
- How is ethnicity reported, described, and analysed in health research in the UK? A bibliographical review and focus group discussions with young refugees.BMC public health · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEthnic minority service users with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders may experience inequalities in care. There have been no recent studies assessing access to evidence-based treatments for psychosis amongst the main ethnic minority groups in the UK.
methodsData from nationally representative surveys from England and Wales, for 10,512 people with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders, were used for analyses. Multi-level multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess ethnic minority inequalities in access to pharmacological treatments, psychological interventions, shared decision making and care planning, taking into account a range of potential confounders.
resultsCompared with white service users, black service users were more likely prescribed depot/injectable antipsychotics (odds ratio 1.56 (95% confidence interval 1.33-1.84)). Black service users with treatment resistance were less likely to be prescribed clozapine (odds ratio 0.56 (95% confidence interval 0.39-0.79)). All ethnic minority service users, except those of mixed ethnicity, were less likely to be offered cognitive behavioural therapy, compared to white service users. Black service users were less likely to have been offered family therapy, and Asian service users were less likely to have received copies of care plans (odds ratio 0.50 (95% confidence interval 0.33-0.76)), compared to white service users. There were no clinician-reported differences in shared decision making across each of the ethnic minority groups.
conclusionRelative to white service users, ethnic minority service users with psychosis were generally less likely to be offered a range of evidence-based treatments for psychosis, which included pharmacological and psychological interventions as well as involvement in care planning.
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