ArticleEnvironmental research2018
Urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pre- and peri-pubertal girls in Northern California: Predictors of exposure and temporal variability.
Article in Environmental research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- High levels of urinary naphthalene metabolites measured in a sample of California schoolchildren: a call to expand monitoring and identify exposure sources.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and birth outcomes in a pregnancy cohort in Nairobi, Kenya.PloS one · 2026Article
- Timing of puberty in girls and serum polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-albumin adduct levels: the California PAH Study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Associations Between Urinary Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Liver Enzyme Levels Among Korean Firefighters.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2025Article
- Co-exposure effects of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals on lung function: mediating role of systematic inflammation.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Article
- Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and asthma at age 8-9 years in a multi-site longitudinal study.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- Biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human excreta: recent advances in analytical techniques-a review.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2023Review
- Urinary concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and childhood obesity.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cognition in early childhood.Environment international · 2023Article
- Placental transcriptomic signatures of prenatal exposure to Hydroxy-Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.Environment international · 2023Article
- Time trend of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between 1995 and 2019 in Germany - Showcases for successful European legislation.Environmental research · 2023Article
- Maternal exposure to urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in pregnancy and childhood asthma in a pooled multi-cohort study.Environment international · 2022Article
- Predictors of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in girls from the San Francisco Bay Area.Environmental research · 2022Article
- Article
- Monitoring Human Exposure to Organophosphate Esters: Comparing Silicone Wristbands with Spot Urine Samples as Predictors of Internal Dose.Environmental science & technology letters · 2021Article
- Clinical Relevance of Urine Flow Rate and Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and mortality in the United States: A prospective analysis.PloS one · 2021Article
- Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to anthropometric measures and pubertal development in a cohort of Northern California girls.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2020Article
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Relation to Family Characteristics, Stressors and Chemical Co-Exposures in California Girls.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of chemicals produced as combustion by-products, have been associated with endocrine disruption. To understand exposure in children, who have been less studied than adults, we examined PAH metabolite concentrations by demographic characteristics, potential sources of exposure, and variability over time, in a cohort study of pre- and peri-pubertal girls in Northern California.
methodsUrinary concentrations of ten PAH metabolites and cotinine were quantified in 431 girls age 6-8 years at baseline. Characteristics obtained from parental interview, physical exam, and linked traffic data were examined as predictors of PAH metabolite concentrations using multivariable linear regression. A subset of girls (n = 100) had repeat measures of PAH metabolites in the second and fourth years of the study. We calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Spearman correlation coefficients, and how well the quartile ranking by a single measurement represented the four-year average PAH biomarker concentration.
resultsEight PAH metabolites were detected in ≥ 95% of the girls. The most consistent predictors of PAH biomarker concentrations were cotinine concentration, grilled food consumption, and region of residence, with some variation by demographics and season. After adjustment, select PAH metabolite concentrations were higher for Hispanic and Asian girls, and lower among black girls; 2-naphthol concentrations were higher in girls from lower income households. Other than 1-naphthol, there was modest reproducibility over time (ICCs between 0.18 and 0.49) and the concentration from a single spot sample was able to reliably rank exposure into quartiles consistent with the multi-year average.
conclusionsThese results confirm diet and environmental tobacco smoke exposure as the main sources of PAHs. Controlling for these sources, differences in concentrations still existed by race for specific PAH metabolites and by income for 2-naphthol. The modest temporal variability implies adequate exposure assignment using concentrations from a single sample to define a multi-year exposure timeframe for epidemiologic exposure-response studies.
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