ArticleOrthopaedic journal of sports medicine2018
Unaccounted Workload Factor: Game-Day Pitch Counts in High School Baseball Pitchers-An Observational Study.
Article in Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Do Pitching Restriction Policies Reduce Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in High School Baseball Players?Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Early Rate of Force Development and Maximal Strength at Different Positions of the Athletic Shoulder Test in Baseball Players.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Osteopathic approach to injuries of the overhead thrower's shoulder.Journal of osteopathic medicine · 2025Review
- Risk Factors and Injury Prevention in the Throwing Athlete.Arthroscopy, sports medicine, and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Grip strength, muscle soreness and pain threshold perception evolution in baseball pitchers in a simulated 75-pitch game: a repeated measures study.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2025Article
- Early single sport specialization does not improve pitching velocity, motion, strength, or utilization in high school baseball pitchers.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2023Article
- Kinematic and Kinetic Comparisons of Arm Slot Position Between High School and Professional Pitchers.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2023Article
- Characteristics Associated With Noncompliance of Current Pitch Smart Guidelines in High School Baseball Pitchers Throughout the United States.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2023Article
- Caregiver Awareness of Safe Pitching Recommendations in Youth Fastpitch Softball Pitchers.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2023Article
- Hidden Pitches in Major League Baseball: What Are the Injury Implications of These Often Overlooked Pitches?Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2023Article
- Game-Day Pitch and Throw Count Feasibility Using a Single Sensor to Quantify Workload in Youth Baseball Players.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2023Article
- Individualizing the Throwing Progression Following Injury in Baseball Pitchers: the Past, Present, and Future.Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine · 2022Review
- Stride Length and Torso Biomechanics As They Relate To Medial Elbow Injuries In Adolescent Aged Baseball pitchers: A Clinical Commentary.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2022Article
- Efficacy of Arm Care Programs for Injury Prevention.Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine · 2021Review
- Effects of Mound Versus Flat-Ground Pitching and Distance on Arm Mechanics and Elbow Torque in High School Pitchers.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2020Article
- A Review of Workload-Monitoring Considerations for Baseball Pitchers.Journal of athletic training · 2020Review
- Influence of Baseball Training Load on Clinical Reach Tests and Grip Strength in Collegiate Baseball Players.Journal of athletic training · 2020Article
- Analysis of Non-Game Injuries in Major League Baseball.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2019Article
- Sport Specialization and Overuse Injuries in Adolescent Throwing Athletes: A Narrative Review.Journal of athletic training · 2019Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThrowing injuries are common in high school baseball. Known risk factors include excessive pitch counts, year-round pitching, and pitching with arm pain and fatigue. Despite the evidence, the prevalence of pitching injuries among high school players has not decreased. One possibility to explain this pattern is that players accumulate unaccounted pitch volume during warm-up and bullpen activity, but this has not yet been examined. HYPOTHESES: Our primary hypothesis was that approximately 30% to 40% of pitches thrown off a mound by high school pitchers during a game-day outing are unaccounted for in current data but will be revealed when bullpen sessions and warm-up pitches are included. Our secondary hypothesis was that there is wide variability among players in the number of bullpen pitches thrown per outing. STUDY
designCross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.
methodsResearchers counted all pitches thrown off a mound during varsity high school baseball games played by 34 high schools in North Central Florida during the 2017 season.
resultsWe recorded 13,769 total pitches during 115 varsity high school baseball starting pitcher outings. The mean ± SD pitch numbers per game were calculated for bullpen activity (27.2 ± 9.4), warm-up (23.6 ±8.0), live games (68.9 ±19.7), and total pitches per game (119.7 ± 27.8). Thus, 42.4% of the pitches performed were not accounted for in the pitch count monitoring of these players. The number of bullpen pitches thrown varied widely among players, with 25% of participants in our data set throwing fewer than 22 pitches and 25% throwing more than 33 pitches per outing.
conclusionIn high school baseball players, pitch count monitoring does not account for the substantial volume of pitching that occurs during warm-up and bullpen activity during the playing season. These extra pitches should be closely monitored to help mitigate the risk of overuse injury.
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