ArticleAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2018
Snacking Recommendations Worldwide: A Scoping Review.
Article in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Impact of Meal Frequency on Anthropometric Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- Eating Occasions, Obesity and Related Behaviors in Working Adults: Does it Matter When You Snack?Nutrients · 2019Trial
- Current Evidence on Dietary Patterns and Consumer Food Choices in the Context of Climate and Environmental Change: A Global Perspective-A Report from the Agriculture and Diet: Value Added for Nutrition, Translation, and Adaptation in a Global Ecology (ADVANTAGE) Project Working Group 2.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Exploring Consumers' Situational Snacking Behaviors Using a Mobile App: Longitudinal Cohort Study (FOODLOOP) Among Millennials in the Netherlands.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Article
- Characterisation of Studies on Consumers' Home Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP): A Scoping Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Occurrence, Dietary Exposure Scenarios and Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins from Dried Fruits and Chocolates in Armenia.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sensory Profiling of Burdekin Plum Leathers and Consumer Acceptability of Its Combination With Trail Mix.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Development and preliminary evaluation of the Chinese adult dietary behavior scale.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Meal Pattern Variables and 15-Year Mortality: Results from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies, Sweden.Food & nutrition research · 2025Article
- Adolescents' perceptions of food outlets in the school neighbourhood and their unhealthy snacking behaviour on the way to and from school.Public health nutrition · 2024Article
- Nutritional Quality of the Mid-Afternoon Snack of Schooled Children between the Ages of 3 and 12 Years in Three Areas in Spain.Nutrients · 2024Observational
- Nutrient Density, Added Sugar, and Fiber Content of Commercially Available Fruit Snacks in the United States from 2017 to 2022.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Age-related differences in eating location, food source location, and timing of snack intake among U.S. children 1-19 years.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2023Article
- Article
- Snacking Behavior and Association with Metabolic Risk Factors in Adults from North and South India.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- SnackTrack-An App-Based Tool to Assess the Influence of Digital and Physical Environments on Snack Choice.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Healthy Eating for Elective Major Orthopedic Surgery: Quality, Quantity, and Timing.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2023Article
- Snack consumption frequency of children and adults in the Vaal region of Gauteng, South Africa.Health SA = SA Gesondheid · 2023Article
- The Influence of Increased Dairy Product Consumption, as Part of a Lifestyle Modification Intervention, on Diet Quality and Eating Patterns in Female Adolescents with Overweight/Obesity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Understanding the link between frequency of eating and cardiometabolic health outcomes in Americans who "snack".JDS communications · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Across the globe, dietary habits include the consumption of foods and drinks between main meals. Although often described as "snacks" or "snacking," there is no scientific consensus of what constitutes a snack, either as an eating occasion or as a snack food. Nonetheless, food-based dietary guidelines, compiled at national or regional levels by governments, learned societies, and health organizations, frequently refer to snacking habits and desirable or undesirable snack food choices. This review aims to provide a comprehensive snapshot of snacking recommendations worldwide. From a search of 207 countries and organizations, 49 countries and 7 regional or global organizations were identified that referred to snacks, snack foods, or snacking. A total of 136 snacking-specific recommendations or examples were identified, which varied in nature whereby some provided advice on the quality of the snack food choice and others focused on the frequency or energy and nutrient composition of such snacks. Guidelines varied in terms of the detail of foods and drinks identified, wherein some recommendations focused only on foods or food categories to include (e.g., fruit or dairy) or to exclude (e.g., processed foods), whereas other recommendations made reference to both. Both individual foods (e.g., apples) and food categories (e.g., fruit) were mentioned. Reasons or rationales to support the snacking choices were less frequently identified and varied across regions. It is hoped that this analysis will stimulate discussion on the need for a consensus in the scientific community and beyond with regard to snacking. An agreed-upon definition of snacks, snacking, and snack foods could be used to inform a number of stakeholders and ultimately help consumers adhere to healthful diets as defined locally.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.