ArticleRoyal Society open science2018
Quantifying the relative effects of environmental and direct transmission of norovirus.
Article in Royal Society open science, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mitigating norovirus spread on cruise ships: a model-based assessment of diagnostic timing and isolation.Journal of travel medicine · 2025Article
- Numerical solutions for norovirus epidemic spread: implications for public health control.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Modelling the effects of intervention measures in reducing the risk of norovirus transmission in preschool settings.PloS one · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the transmissibility of norovirus and the effectiveness of prevention and control measures for schools in Jiangsu Province.Annals of medicine · 2023Article
- A review of COVID-19 transmission dynamics and clinical outcomes on cruise ships worldwide, January to October 2020.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2022Review
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- Article
- How to control cruise ship disease risk? Inspiration from the research literature.Marine policy · 2021Article
- Acute Gastroenteritis on Cruise Ships - Maritime Illness Database and Reporting System, United States, 2006-2019.Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002) · 2021Article
- A norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak in an Australian child-care center: A household-level analysis.PloS one · 2021Article
- Dynamic Network Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 Control on a Cruise Ship.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2020Article
- Ecological drivers of African swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: Insight for control.Ecology and evolution · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Norovirus is a common cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in health- and child-care settings, with serial outbreaks also frequently observed aboard cruise ships. The relative contributions of environmental and direct person-to-person transmission of norovirus have hitherto not been quantified. We employ a novel mathematical model of norovirus transmission, and fit the model to daily incidence data from a major norovirus outbreak on a cruise ship, and examine the relative efficacy of potential control strategies aimed at reducing environmental and/or direct transmission. The reproduction number for environmental and direct transmission combined is [Formula: see text] [6.1,9.5], and of environmental transmission alone is [Formula: see text] [0.9,2.6]. Direct transmission is overwhelmingly due to passenger-to-passenger contacts, but crew can act as a reservoir of infection from cruise to cruise. This is the first quantification of the relative roles of environmental and direct transmission of norovirus. While environmental transmission has the potential to maintain a sustained series of outbreaks aboard a cruise ship in the absence of strict sanitation practices, direct transmission dominates. We find that intensive promotion of good hand washing practices may prevent outbreaks. Isolation of ill passengers and cleaning are beneficial, but appear to be less efficacious at outbreak control.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.