Risk factors for influenza-related complications in children during the 2009/10 pandemic: a UK primary care cohort study using linked routinely collected data.

J J Lee, C Bankhead, M Smith, A A Kousoulis, C C Butler, K Wang

Open access · bronzeAbstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

6citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it

0.8field-weighted citation impact, top 27% of its field

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.

Usefulness of linked data for infectious disease events: a systematic review.Epidemiology and infection · 2023
Pooled it
Quality of life, healthcare use and costs in 'at-risk' children after early antibiotic treatment versus placebo for influenza-like illness: within-trial descriptive economic analyses of the ARCHIE randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2022
Trial
Development and external validation of a risk prediction score (DASHI) for cardiovascular events following acute respiratory infections: derivation and validation retrospective cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2025
Article
"SPEECH": A literature based framework for the study of past epidemics.Journal of infection and public health · 2022
Review
Serious outcomes of medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza illness among school-aged children with and without asthma, 2007-2018.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2020
Article
Incidence of hospitalisation for severe complications of influenza virus infection in Japanese patients between 2012 and 2016: a cross-sectional study using routinely collected administrative data.BMJ open · 2019
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

J J LeeNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4033-0915

C BankheadNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

M SmithNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

A A KousoulisLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.

C C ButlerNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

K WangNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

University of Oxford · GBLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Primary care clinicians have a central role in managing influenza/influenza-like illness (ILI) during influenza pandemics. This study identifies risk factors for influenza-related complications in children presenting with influenza/ILI in primary care. We conducted a cohort study using routinely collected linked data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink on children aged 17 years and younger who presented with influenza/ILI during the 2009/10 pandemic. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for potential risk factors in relation to influenza-related complications, complications requiring intervention, pneumonia, all-cause hospitalisation and hospitalisation due to influenza-related complications within 30 days of presentation. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders including age, vaccination and socio-economic deprivation. Asthma was a risk factor for influenza-related complications (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-1.80, P < 0.001), complications requiring intervention (adjusted OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.11-1.88; P = 0.007), pneumonia (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.07-2.51, P = 0.024) and hospitalisation due to influenza-related complications (adjusted OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.09-5.56, P = 0.031). Neurological conditions were risk factors for all-cause hospitalisation (adjusted OR 4.25, 95% CI 1.50-12.07, P = 0.007) but not influenza-related complications (adjusted OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.83-2.56, P = 0.189). Community-based early interventions to prevent influenza-related clinical deterioration should therefore be primarily targeted at children with asthma and neurological conditions.

Indexed as

PandemicsAdolescentAsthmaChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesFemaleHospitalizationHumansInfantInfant, NewbornInfluenza, HumanMaleOdds RatioPneumoniaPrevalenceChildreninfluenzaprimary carerisk factors

Identifiers

PMID29655382

DOI10.1017/S0950268818000353

PMCPMC9184939

OpenAlexW2800285479

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.