ReviewAmerican journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology2018
Cardioprotection by intermittent hypoxia conditioning: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential.
Review in American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia on Performance- and Health-Related Outcomes in Humans: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine - open · 2022Pooled it
- Moderate intermittent hypoxic conditioning to enhance vascular function and cardiorespiratory fitness in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial.Physiological reports · 2025Trial
- Hypoxic conditioning in Parkinson's disease: randomized controlled multiple N-of-1 trials.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Heterogeneous Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Non-Sleepy Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes:Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2024Trial
- Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure with High Dose of Arginine Impact on Circulating Mediators of Tissue Regeneration.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Optimizing Intermittent Hypoxic-Hyperoxic Training for Safety and Feasibility: An Exploratory Pilot Study.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Nocturnal Hypoxemia After Acute Coronary Syndrome in OSA: Risk Marker or Adaptive Signal?Chest · 2026Article
- Hypoxia inducible factor-1α-driven signaling networks regulating adult neurogenesis via Notch, Wnt, and MAPK pathways.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Mechanisms underlying end-organ injury in sleep apnoea.The European respiratory journal · 2026Review
- Short-term intermittent hypoxia induces biphasic apoptotic responses in the murine heart.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Vascular function responses to resistance exercise followed by intermittent hypoxic exposure in untrained males.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Therapeutic hypoxia to protect and revive ischemic heart and brain.Military Medical Research · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular risk and obesity in miner workers exposed to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia in the Peruvian Andes.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Intermittent hypoxic conditioning as a novel strategy for obesity treatment: current evidence and future perspectives.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Exploring Hypoxia-Induced Neuroprotection Mechanisms in Post-Stroke Recovery.Translational stroke research · 2025Review
- Metabolic Profiling of Wheat Seedlings Under Oxygen Deficiency and Subsequent Reaeration Conditions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Role of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Natural Products in Curing Cardiovascular Diseases.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Hypoxia and Tissue Regeneration: Adaptive Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Lactobacillus ameliorates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by attenuating apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis.BMC medicine · 2025Observational
- Intermittent Hypoxia as a Model of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Present and Future.Sleep medicine clinics · 2025Review
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The calibrated application of limited-duration, cyclic, moderately intense hypoxia-reoxygenation increases cardiac resistance to ischemia-reperfusion stress. These intermittent hypoxic conditioning (IHC) programs consistently produce striking reductions in myocardial infarction and ventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion and, in many cases, improve contractile function and coronary blood flow. These IHC protocols are fundamentally different from those used to simulate sleep apnea, a recognized cardiovascular risk factor. In clinical studies, IHC improved exercise capacity and decreased arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery or pulmonary disease and produced robust, persistent, antihypertensive effects in patients with essential hypertension. The protection afforded by IHC develops gradually and depends on β-adrenergic, δ-opioidergic, and reactive oxygen-nitrogen signaling pathways that use protein kinases and adaptive transcription factors. In summary, adaptation to intermittent hypoxia offers a practical, largely unrecognized means of protecting myocardium from impending ischemia. The myocardial and perhaps broader systemic protection provided by IHC clearly merits further evaluation as a discrete intervention and as a potential complement to conventional pharmaceutical and surgical interventions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.