Observational studyNeurocritical care2018
Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Severe Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Encephalitis Patients.
Observational study in Neurocritical care, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Does the Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Improve Clinical Outcomes in Adults With Autoimmune Encephalitis? A Systematic Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in adults: a systematic review and analysis.Neuropsychiatrie : Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie und Rehabilitation : Organ der Gesellschaft Osterreichischer Nervenarzte und Psychiater · 2024Pooled it
- Movement disorders in cell surface antibody mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- Clinical Features and Biomarkers Associated With Intensive Care-Dependent Refractory NMDAR Encephalitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Seizure characteristics and neurological outcomes in pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a cohort study from Southern China.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Safety and Efficacy of a Neonatal Fc Receptor Antagonist in Patients With Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Clinical features of autonomic dysfunction in children with anti-N-methyl-D aspartic receptor encephalitis.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Risk factors for central hypoventilation in anti-Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Impact of sex differences on clinical characteristics of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis during the acute phase: a single-center retrospective study.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Development of a short-term prognostic model for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in Chinese patients.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- Validation of the clinical assessment scale for autoimmune encephalitis in a severe autoimmune encephalitis cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Contribution of cerebrospinal fluid antibody titers and sex to acute cerebral blood flow in patients with anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- An overview on CV2/CRMP5 antibody-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.Neural regeneration research · 2023Article
- The relevance of NMDA receptor antibody-specific index for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Characterization and prognosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the neurological intensive care unit: a retrospective study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Article
- Autoantibodies detection in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis.Annals of translational medicine · 2023Review
- Risk Factors and Prognosis in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Patients with Disturbance of Consciousness.Patient related outcome measures · 2023Article
- Status Epilepticus in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis Requiring Intensive Care: A Follow-Up Study.Neurocritical care · 2022Article
- Case Report: Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis Manifesting With an Isolated Psychiatric Episode and Normal Ancillary Tests.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
background and purposeData concerning the characteristics and duration of the critical manifestations, treatment response, and long-term outcomes of severe anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis patients compared to those of non-severe patients are limited. This observational study was performed to explore the clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients.
methodsAccording to their characteristics on admission to the neurology intensive care unit, patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were divided into a severe group and a non-severe group. The demographics, clinical manifestations, main accessory examinations, immunotherapy, and outcomes of patients were recorded. Statistical analyses were employed to examine the differences in each observed indicator between the severe and non-severe groups.
resultsThis study enrolled 111 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, including 59 males and 52 females with a mean age of 27.7 ± 13.7 years; 39 (35.1%) patients were in the severe group, and 72 (64.9%) patients were in the non-severe group. Compared to the non-severe group, the severe group exhibited a higher proportion of epilepsy, involuntary movement, disturbance of consciousness, autonomic dysfunction, and central hypoventilation. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of all patients was positive for the NMDAR antibody, but only 57 patients (51.4%) tested positive for the NMDAR antibody in the blood. The proportion of patients with a strong positive NMDAR antibody titer in the severe group (48.7%) was higher than that in the non-severe group (29.2%). The proportion of patients receiving intravenous gamma immunoglobulin in the severe group was higher than that in the non-severe group (P = 0.003), and only patients in the severe group received plasma exchange, intravenous rituximab, and cyclophosphamide treatment. No significant difference was observed in the prognosis between the severe group and the non-severe group after 6 months and during long-term follow-up.
conclusionMost severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients will eventually achieve good long-term prognoses after receiving early, positive and unremitting combined immunotherapy and life support.
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