ArticleJournal of environmental health2017
Persistence of Bowl Water Contamination during Sequential Flushes of Contaminated Toilets.
Article in Journal of environmental health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- A practical low-cost course module for teaching bacteriophage isolation to undergraduate students.Journal of microbiology & biology education · 2026Article
- Activity of a foam in preventing rebound of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium-containing droplets generated from the toilet bowl.Archives of microbiology · 2024Article
- Commercial toilets emit energetic and rapidly spreading aerosol plumes.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- An assessment of the health risks associated with shared sanitation: a case study of the community ablution blocks in Durban, South Africa.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
- Toilet hygiene-review and research needs.Journal of applied microbiology · 2021Review
- What is the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 from the use of public toilets?The Science of the total environment · 2021Review
- Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on contact surfaces within shared sanitation facilities.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2021Article
- Aerosol generation in public restrooms.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Toilets contaminated with infectious organisms are a recognized contact disease transmission hazard. Previous studies indicate that toilet bowl water can remain contaminated for several flushes after the contamination occurs. This study characterized contamination persistence over an extended series of flushes using both indicator particles and viable bacteria. For this study, toilets were seeded with microbe-size microbial surrogates and with Pseudomonas fluorescens or Clostridium difficile bacteria and flushed up to 24 times. Bowl water samples collected after seeding and after each flush indicated the clearance per flush and residual bowl water contaminant concentration. Toilets exhibited 3 + log10 contaminant reductions with the first flush, only 1-2 logs with the second flush, and less than 1 log thereafter. Contamination still was present 24 flushes post contamination. Clearance was modeled accurately by a two-stage exponential decay process. This study shows that toilet bowl water will remain contaminated many flushes after initial contamination, posing a risk of recurring environmental contamination and associated infection incidence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
29651169PMC5890808W2807364426What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.