ArticlePloS one2018
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis express a complex pro-inflammatory, pro-repair, angiogenic activation pattern, likely associated with macrophage iron accumulation.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 44 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inhaled LTI-03 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomized dose escalation study.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Regulated Cell Death in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Review
- Review
- AI-Driven Secondary Immunomodulatory Effects of Conventional Drugs on Patient-Derived Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Emerging role of the immunoproteasome as a druggable target in lung inflammatory diseases.Respiratory research · 2026Review
- Interstitial lung abnormalities: a mechanistic window into early fibrotic lung disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Variable steady inflammation and inflammatory responses in precision-cut lung slices from various IPF lung Regions.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Sulfonium lipid nanoparticles for intranasal mRNA delivery to lung epithelial and immune cells.Acta biomaterialia · 2025Article
- Ferroptosis and iron metabolism drive fibroblast activation in silicosis: insights from a novel 3D lung matrix model.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Machine learning identifies lipid-associated genes and constructs diagnostic and prognostic models for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Article
- Identification and validation of biomarkers related to ferroptosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Macrophage Immunometabolism in Pulmonary Homeostasis and Chronic Lung Diseases.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- SLC15A3 plays a crucial role in pulmonary fibrosis by regulating macrophage oxidative stress.Cell death and differentiation · 2024Article
- Bronchial epithelial gene expression and interstitial lung abnormalities.Respiratory research · 2023Article
- Monocytes and macrophages: emerging mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets in pulmonary fibrosis.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2023Review
- Review
- Inhibition of tyrosine kinase Fgr prevents radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF).Cell death discovery · 2023Article
- Editorial: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: epidemiology, prognosis and treatment.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Lung Fibrosis and Fibrosis in the Lungs: Is It All about Myofibroblasts?Biomedicines · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease of unknown cause characterized by alveolar epithelial damage, patchy interstitial fibrosis and diffuse microvascular abnormalities. In IPF, alveolar clustering of iron-laden alveolar macrophages-a common sign of microhemorrhage, has been associated with vascular abnormalities and worsening of pulmonary hypertension. As iron-dependent ROS generation has been shown to induce unrestrained macrophage activation in disease models of vascular damage, we explored alveolar macrophage activation phenotype in IPF patients (n = 16) and healthy controls (CTR, n = 7) by RNA sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. The frequencies of macrophages in BAL cells were 86+4% and 83.4+8% in IPF and CTR groups, respectively (p-value = 0.41). In IPF patients, BAL cells showed increased iron-dependent ROS generation (p-value<0.05 vs CTR). Gene expression analysis showed overrepresentation of Gene Ontology processes/functions and KEGG pathways enriched in upregulated M1-type inflammatory (p-value<0.01), M2-type anti-inflammatory/tissue remodeling (p-value<0.0001), and MTPP-type chronic inflammatory/angiogenic (p-value<0.0001) chemokine and cytokine genes. The ex vivo finding was confirmed by the induction of iron-dependent ROS generation and chemokine/cytokine overexpression of Ccl4, Cxcl10 (M1), Il1rn (M2), Cxcl2, and Cxcl7 (MTPP) in MH-S murine immortalized alveolar macrophages exposed to ferric ammonium citrate in culture (p-value<0.05 vs CTR). The data show alveolar macrophage expression of a pro-inflammatory, tissue remodeling and angiogenic complex activation pattern, suggesting that iron accumulation may play a role in macrophage activation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.