ArticleEndocrinology2018
Regulation of Intracellular Triiodothyronine Is Essential for Optimal Macrophage Function.
Article in Endocrinology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-Thyroidal Illness Syndrome in Critically Ill Children: Prognostic Value and Impact of Nutritional Management.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2019Trial
- Iodine and Its Impact on the Immune System of Humans and Domesticated Mammals: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Beyond hormone deficiency: a framework for endocrine-immune-niche integration in aging skeletal muscle regeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Association between thyroid hormone sensitivity and ischemic stroke-associated pneumonia: The role of FT3/FT4 ratio.PloS one · 2025Article
- The Thyroid Hormone Analog GC-1 Mitigates Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Research Advancements in the Interplay between T3 and Macrophages.Current medical science · 2024Review
- Modular Polymerase Synthesis and Internal Protein Domain Swapping via Dual Opposed Frameshifts in the Ebola Virus L Gene.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Thr92Ala-DIO2 heterozygosity is associated with skeletal muscle mass and myosteatosis in patients with COVID-19.European thyroid journal · 2024Article
- L-Thyroxine and L-thyroxine-based antimicrobials against Streptococcus pneumoniae and other Gram-positive bacteria.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Bioactive Components of Areca Nut: An Overview of Their Positive Impacts Targeting Different Organs.Nutrients · 2024Review
- The Differential Effect of a Shortage of Thyroid Hormone Compared with Knockout of Thyroid Hormone Transporters Mct8 and Mct10 on Murine Macrophage Polarization.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Non-Thyroidal Illness in Chronic Renal Failure: Triiodothyronine Levels and Modulation of Extra-Cellular Superoxide Dismutase (ec-SOD).Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Fecal thyroid hormone metabolites in wild ungulates: a mini-review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Review
- The effect of hyperthyroidism on cognitive function, neuroinflammation, and necroptosis in APP/PS1 mice.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- The interplay of thyroid hormones and the immune system - where we stand and why we need to know about it.European journal of endocrinology · 2022Review
- Triiodothyronine (T3) Induces Limited Transcriptional and DNA Methylation Reprogramming in Human Monocytes.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- TREM2 is thyroid hormone regulated making the TREM2 pathway druggable with ligands for thyroid hormone receptor.Cell chemical biology · 2022Article
- Food nanoparticles from rice vinegar: isolation, characterization, and antioxidant activities.NPJ science of food · 2022Article
- Regulation of metabolic and transcriptional responses by the thyroid hormone in cellular models of murine macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Measurement of fecal T3 metabolite levels in sheep: Analytical and biological validation of the method.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Innate immune cells, including macrophages, have recently been identified as target cells for thyroid hormone. We hypothesized that optimal intracellular concentrations of the active thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) are essential for proinflammatory macrophage function. T3 is generated intracellularly by type 2 deiodinase (D2) and acts via the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (TR). In zebrafish embryos, D2 knockdown increased mortality during pneumococcal meningitis. Primary murine D2 knockout macrophages exhibited impaired phagocytosis and partially reduced cytokine response to stimulation with bacterial endotoxin. These effects are presumably due to reduced intracellular T3 availability. Knockdown of the main TR in macrophages, TRα, impaired polarization into proinflammatory macrophages and amplified polarization into immunomodulatory macrophages. Intracellular T3 availability and action appear to play a crucial role in macrophage function. Our data suggest that low intracellular T3 action has an anti-inflammatory effect, possibly due to an effect on macrophage polarization mediated via the TRα. This study provides important insights into the link between the endocrine and innate immune system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.