ArticleNature communications2018
Release of Staphylococcus aureus extracellular vesicles and their application as a vaccine platform.
Article in Nature communications, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 209 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
209 citing papers in PubMed, 317 citations in OpenAlex.
- Probiotic extracellular vesicles reprogram macrophage immunometabolism: From gut crosstalk to host health.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Extracellular membrane vesicles-previously unrecognized components ofJournal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Towards a Scalable Production ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles in the brain: Pathological effects and therapeutic possibilities.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Cell Envelope Remodeling and Lipid Metabolism Coordinate Extracellular Vesicle Output in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Environmental Stress Induces Altered Composition of Streptococcus mutans Membrane Vesicles: pH-Driven Changes in Membrane Vesicle Production and Composition.Molecular oral microbiology · 2026Article
- Identification of immunostimulatory antigens in Group AProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Versatile Platforms for Systemic and Mucosal Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Membrane Vesicles ImproveMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Biomedical Research and Clinical Translation.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Review
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Biogenesis, Functions, and Emerging Biotechnological Applications.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Frontiers in bacterial outer membrane vesicles: From basic characteristics to cancer therapy.Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu · 2026Article
- Genetically-Programmed Hypervesiculation of Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum Increases Production of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles with Therapeutic Efficacy in a Preclinical Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Biofilms: from the cradle of life to life support.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- Investigation on physical and physiological properties of extracellular vesicles derived from Enterococcus faecalis.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles as players in biofilm dynamics and community interactions.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- From biogenesis to host modulation: the expanding biology of oral streptococcal membrane vesicles.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles in atopic dermatitis: unraveling pathogenic mediators and engineering therapeutic vectors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Quantification of EV-associated miRNA in liquid biopsies for biomarker signature development.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Cytoplasmic membrane vesicles fromFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
149 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a process common to eukaryotes, archae, and bacteria, represents a secretory pathway that allows cell-free intercellular communication. Microbial EVs package diverse proteins and influence the host-pathogen interaction, but the mechanisms underlying EV production in Gram-positive bacteria are poorly understood. Here we show that EVs purified from community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus package cytosolic, surface, and secreted proteins, including cytolysins. Staphylococcal alpha-type phenol-soluble modulins promote EV biogenesis by disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane; whereas, peptidoglycan cross-linking and autolysin activity modulate EV production by altering the permeability of the cell wall. We demonstrate that EVs purified from a S. aureus mutant that is genetically engineered to express detoxified cytolysins are immunogenic in mice, elicit cytolysin-neutralizing antibodies, and protect the animals in a lethal sepsis model. Our study reveals mechanisms underlying S. aureus EV production and highlights the usefulness of EVs as a S. aureus vaccine platform.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.