ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2018
H3N2 influenza viruses in humans: Viral mechanisms, evolution, and evaluation.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 117 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Safety and Immunogenicity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Protein Vaccine when Co-administered with Adjuvanted Seasonal Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults: A Phase 3 Randomized Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- Preliminary Findings From the Dynamics of the Immune Responses to Repeat Influenza Vaccination Exposures (DRIVE I) Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Induction of Cross-Reactive Hemagglutination Inhibiting Antibody and Polyfunctional CD4+ T-Cell Responses by a Recombinant Matrix-M-Adjuvanted Hemagglutinin Nanoparticle Influenza Vaccine.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- N-linked glycosylation sites with low occupancy support sustained circulation of the A(H3N2) influenza A virus in the human population.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Targeting virus-glycan recognition in influenza viruses and coronaviruses: from the molecular principles to glycomimetic antivirals strategies.RSC chemical biology · 2026Review
- Identification and computational analysis of B-cell epitopes on the hemagglutinin protein of the H3N2 influenza virus.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Mathematical Modeling of Viral RNA Copies in Indoor Environments: Pre-Processor for Risk Assessment and Decision-Making Support Tool for Public Health.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2026Article
- Pre-pandemic contraction, phase-specific rate variation, and site-specific antigenic adaptation shape influenza A(H3N2) evolutionary dynamics in Hubei, China.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Loss of hemagglutination ability by H3N2 influenza A virus, subclade K.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Hemagglutination Inhibition and Alternate Serologic Responses Following Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Infection.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Strain Matching of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines and Emergence of Neuraminidase Inhibitor Resistance in China from 2015 to 2025.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Hemagglutination inhibition and alternate serologic responses following Influenza A(H3N2) virus infection.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Influenza A(H3N2) Subclade K (J.2.4.1): Molecular Characterization, Antigenic Divergence, and Global Spread During the 2025/26 Season.Infectious disease reports · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine-specific CD4NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Genomic surveillance of H1N1, H3N2 and influenza B Victoria lineage viruses in Qingyang (2020-2023): phylogenetic and molecular characteristics analysis of HA/NA genes.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Modeling the dynamics of seasonal influenza in response to meteorological conditions and antigenic variation: a simulation study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Genetic characterization of influenza A (A/H3N2) viruses reveals antigenic drift in receptor binding domain and possible vaccine mismatch in strains circulating in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2024-2025.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Annual seasonal influenza vaccines are composed of two influenza A strains representing the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, and two influenza B strains representing the Victoria and Yamagata lineages. Strains from these Influenza A and Influenza B viruses currently co-circulate in humans. Of these, strains associated with the H3N2 subtype are affiliated with severe influenza seasons. H3N2 influenza viruses pre-dominated during 3 of the last 5 quite severe influenza seasons. During the 2016/2017 flu season, the H3N2 component of the influenza vaccine exhibited a poor protective efficacy (∼28-42%) against preventing infection of co-circulating strains. Since their introduction to the human population in 1968, H3N2 Influenza viruses have rapidly evolved both genetically and antigenically in an attempt to escape host immune pressures. As a result, these viruses have added numerous N-linked glycans to the viral hemagglutinin (HA), increased the overall net charge of the HA molecule, changed their preferences in receptor binding, and altered the ability of neuraminidase (NA) to agglutinate red blood cells prior to host entry. Over time, these adaptations have made characterizing these viruses increasingly difficult. This review investigates these recent changes in modern H3N2 influenza viruses and explores the methods that researchers are currently developing in order to study these viruses.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.