ArticleContact dermatitis2018
Prevalence of contact allergy to metals in the European general population with a focus on nickel and piercings: The EDEN Fragrance Study.
Article in Contact dermatitis, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Nickel Allergy and Piercings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Contact dermatitis · 2025Pooled it
- Metal Hypersensitivity in Total Joint Arthroplasty: Molecular Immunopathogenesis, Diagnostic Controversies, and Prospects for Precision Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Visualizing the distribution of various inorganic metals in brown rice by radiotracer experiments.Metallomics : integrated biometal science · 2026Article
- Nickel(II) sulphate-induced allergic contact dermatitis as experimental tool to investigate inflammatory pruritus in humans.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Article
- Nickel Allergy in Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Case Report.The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon reports · 2026Article
- Self-reported Nickel Allergy among Schoolchildren: Trends in Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Atopic Comorbidity.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2025Article
- Metallic Ion Release Behaviors from Cobalt-Chromium Alloys Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing with Mechanical Grinding in an Acidic Saline Solution.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2022Review
- Immunological Mechanisms of Metal Allergies and the Nickel-Specific TCR-pMHC Interface.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Skin exposure to scented products used in daily life and fragrance contact allergy in the European general population - The EDEN Fragrance Study.Contact dermatitis · 2021Article
- Self-reported metal hypersensitivity in patients undergoing unicondylar knee arthroplasty.Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma · 2021Article
- Contact allergen sensitivity in children with contact dermatitis.Turkish archives of pediatrics · 2021Article
- Contact Allergy-Emerging Allergens and Public Health Impact.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- European Standard Series Patch Test Results in Contact Dermatitis Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital.Sisli Etfal Hastanesi tip bulteni · 2020Article
- New positive patch test reactions on day 7-The additional value of the day 7 patch test reading.Contact dermatitis · 2019Article
- Prevalence of contact allergy to metals in the European general population with a focus on nickel and piercings: The EDEN Fragrance Study.Contact dermatitis · 2018Article
- Nickel: Intrinsic Skin Sensitization Potency and Relation to Prevalence of Contact Allergy.Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drugArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStudies on sensitization to metals in the general population are scarce.
objectivesTo determine the prevalence of sensitization to metals in the general population, and factors associated with nickel sensitization.
methodsIn 5 European countries (The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Sweden), a random sample (N = 3119) from the general population (aged 18-74 years) was patch tested and interviewed by use of a questionnaire on exposure to metals, piercing, and jewellery.
resultsOverall, the age-standardized prevalences of sensitization to nickel, cobalt and chromium were, respectively, 14.5%, 2.1%, and 0.8%. The highest prevalence of nickel sensitization was seen in Portugal (18.5%) and the lowest (8.3%) in Sweden. The prevalence of cobalt sensitization varied between 3.8% (The Netherlands) and 0.9% (Italy), and the prevalence of chromium sensitization varied between 1.3% (Portugal) and 0.2% (Sweden). Significant associations were observed between nickel allergy and female sex (odds ratio [OR] 5.19; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 3.99-6.74), past piercing use (OR 3.86; 95%CI: 2.85-5.24), and currently having ≥3 piercings (OR 5.58; 95%CI: 4.02-7.76).
conclusionsThe prevalence of sensitization to metals in the European general population was high, mostly because of nickel. The lowest prevalence of contact allergy to nickel and chromium observed in Sweden supports the effectiveness of long-standing regulation.
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