ArticlePsychological medicine2019
Systemic inflammation and intelligence in early adulthood and subsequent risk of schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses: a longitudinal cohort and co-relative study.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating inflammatory proteins associated with risks of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a mendelian randomization study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Neural oscillations serving abstract reasoning are differentially associated with inflammatory markers in people with HIV.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- The Pathobiological Underpinnings of Psychosis: From the Stress-Related Hypothesis to a Multisystemic Approach.NeuroSci · 2025Review
- Article
- Elevated CRP and TNF-α levels are associated with blunted neural oscillations serving fluid intelligence.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- C-Reactive Protein: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, False Test Results and a Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Clinicians.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The Relationship of Cognitive Dysfunction with Inflammatory Markers and Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Schizophrenia.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Immune System and Brain/Intestinal Barrier Functions in Psychiatric Diseases: Is Sphingosine-1-Phosphate at the Helm?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Redox and Immune Signaling in Schizophrenia: New Therapeutic Potential.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Review
- Roles of alcohol use disorder and resilience in risk of suicide attempt in men: A Swedish population-based cohort.Suicide & life-threatening behavior · 2022Article
- Association between circulating levels of C-reactive protein and positive and negative symptoms of psychosis in adolescents in a general population birth cohort.Journal of psychiatric research · 2021Article
- Childhood inflammatory markers and risks for psychosis and depression at age 24: Examination of temporality and specificity of association in a population-based prospective birth cohort.Schizophrenia research · 2021Article
- Maximising the potential of neuroimmunology.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2020Review
- The Role of Aberrations in the Immune-Inflammatory Response System (IRS) and the Compensatory Immune-Regulatory Reflex System (CIRS) in Different Phenotypes of Schizophrenia: the IRS-CIRS Theory of Schizophrenia.Molecular neurobiology · 2020Review
- Longitudinal population subgroups of CRP and risk of depression in the ALSPAC birth cohort.Comprehensive psychiatry · 2020Article
- Commentary: Causal associations between inflammation, cardiometabolic markers and schizophrenia: the known unknowns.International journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Association between developmental milestones and age of schizophrenia onset: Results from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966.Schizophrenia research · 2019Article
- Cytokine Alterations in Schizophrenia: An Updated Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2019Review
- Systemic inflammation measured by erythrocyte sedimentation rate and cognitive function among young men in Sweden: A within-sibling analysis.Science progressArticle
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSchizophrenia is associated with impaired neurodevelopment as indexed by lower premorbid IQ. We examined associations between erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a marker of low-grade systemic inflammation, IQ, and subsequent schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses (ONAP) to elucidate the role of neurodevelopment and inflammation in the pathogenesis of psychosis.
methodsPopulation-based data on ESR and IQ from 638 213 Swedish men assessed during military conscription between 1969 and 1983 were linked to National Hospital Discharge Register for hospitalisation with schizophrenia and ONAP. The associations of ESR with IQ (cross-sectional) and psychoses (longitudinal) were investigated using linear and Cox-regression. The co-relative analysis was used to examine effects of shared familial confounding. We examined mediation and moderation of effect between ESR and IQ on psychosis risk.
resultsBaseline IQ was associated with subsequent risk of schizophrenia (adjusted HR per 1-point increase in IQ = 0.961; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.960-0.963) and ONAP (adjusted HR = 0.973; 95% CI 0.971-0.975). Higher ESR was associated with lower IQ in a dose-response fashion. High ESR was associated with increased risk for schizophrenia (adjusted HR = 1.14; 95% CI 1.01-1.28) and decreased risk for ONAP (adjusted HR = 0.85; 95% CI 0.74-0.96), although these effects were specific to one ESR band (7-10 mm/hr). Familial confounding explained ESR-IQ but not ESR-psychoses associations. IQ partly mediated the ESR-psychosis relationships.
conclusionsLower IQ is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation and with an increased risk of schizophrenia and ONAP in adulthood. Low-grade inflammation may influence schizophrenia risk by affecting neurodevelopment. Future studies should explore the differential effects of inflammation on different types of psychosis.
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