ArticlePloS one2018
A novel method for determining sex in late term gestational mice based on the external genitalia.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal obesity disrupts trophoblast differentiation and causes female-specific labyrinth defects in the mouse placenta.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Article
- Prenatally androgenized PCOS mice have ovary-independent uterine dysfunction and placental inflammation aggravated by high-fat diet.Science advances · 2025Article
- Efcab7 deletion sensitizes mice to the teratogenic effects of gastrulation-stage alcohol exposure.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Gastrulation-stage alcohol exposure induces similar rates of craniofacial malformations in male and female C57BL/6J mice.Birth defects research · 2024Article
- H7N7 viral infection elicits pronounced, sex-specific neuroinflammatory responsesFrontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Article
- NNanotoxicology · 2023Article
- Single-Cell Transcriptomic and Epigenetic Analyses of Mouse Mammary Development Starting with the Embryo.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Estrogens and development of the mouse and human external genitalia.Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In many experiments using fetal mice, it is necessary to determine the sex of the individual fetus. However, other than genotyping for sex-specific genes, there is no convenient, reliable method of sexing mice between gestational day (GD) 16.5 and GD 18.0. We designed a rapid, relatively simple visual method to determine the sex of mouse fetuses in the GD 16.5-GD 18.0 range that can be performed as part of a routine morphological assessment. By examining the genitalia for the presence or absence of key features, raters with minimal experience with the method were able to correctly identify the sex of embryos with 99% accuracy, while raters with no experience were 95% accurate. The critical genital features include: the presence or absence of urethral seam or proximal urethral meatus; the shape of the genitalia, and the presence or absence of an area related to the urethral plate. By comparing these morphological features of the external genitalia, we show a simple, accurate, and fast way to determine the sex of late stage mouse fetuses. Integrating this method into regular morphological assessments will facilitate the determination of sex differences in fetuses between GD 16.5 and GD 18.0.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.