ArticleBMC public health2018
More to gain: dietary energy density is related to smoking status in US adults.
Article in BMC public health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary Patterns and Risk of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies.Current nutrition reports · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- Development and Evaluation of a Planetary Health Diet Index: The Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America Study.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2026Article
- Article
- Association between low-carbohydrate diet and chronic kidney disease in population with gestational diabetes mellitus history: based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database.Food & nutrition research · 2025Article
- Alcohol dependence and consumption status are related to smoking status: A cross-sectional study of data from the Japan Society and New Tobacco Internet Survey 2023.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2025Article
- Article
- Dietary Habits, Nutrition Intake, and Alcohol Consumption Based on Types of Smoking and Smoking Status: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Factors Associated with the Practice of Low-Carb and Low-Fat Diets among Participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).Nutrients · 2024Article
- Dietary Quality and Diet-Related Factors Among Emerging Adults (18-23 y) in the United States Are a Cause for Concern: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2018.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Adherence to the low-fat diet pattern reduces the risk of lung cancer in American adults aged 55 years and above: a prospective cohort study.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2024Article
- Diet quality as assessed by the healthy eating index-2020 among different smoking status: an analysis of national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) data from 2005 to 2018.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Who chooses "healthy" meals? An analysis of lunchtime meal quality in a workplace cafeteria.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of overweight and obesity among medical students from the Western Balkans (South-East Europe Region).BMC public health · 2024Article
- Association between exposure to environmental pollutants and increased oral health risks, a comprehensive review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
- Association between dietary magnesium intake and pelvic inflammatory disease in US women: a cross-sectional study of NHANES.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Sociodemographic and Health Indicators of Diet Quality in Pre-Frail Older Adults in New Zealand.Nutrients · 2023Article
- The effect of secondhand smoke exposure on dental caries and gingival health among schoolchildren in Damascus, Syria: a cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2023Article
- Trends in Overall and Micronutrient-Containing Dietary Supplement Use in US Adults and Children, NHANES 2007-2018.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Development and User Evaluation of a Food-recognition app (FoodRec): Experimental Data and Qualitative Analysis.Health psychology research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGiven the current prevalence of both cigarette use and obesity in the United States, identification of dietary patterns that reduce mortality risk are important public health priorities. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between cigarette use and dietary energy density, a marker for diet quality, in a population of current smokers, former smokers, and never smokers.
methodsData from a nationally representative sample of 5293 adults who participated in the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were analyzed. Specific survey procedures were used in the analysis to account for sample weights, unequal selection probability, and clustered design when evaluating the association between dietary energy density (ED, energy per weight of food, kcal/g) and current smoking status. Never smokers reported < 100 lifetime cigarettes. Smokers were identified as individuals reporting > 100 lifetime cigarettes and current smoking status was recorded as daily, some days (nondaily), or not at all (former).
resultsA strong linear relationship was observed between smoking pattern and dietary ED in current smokers. Compared to never smokers, daily smokers and nondaily smokers have significantly higher dietary ED (1.79 vs. 2.02 and 1.88, respectively; both p < 0.05); demonstrating that any amount of current cigarette consumption is associated with poor diet. Though former smokers had a higher dietary ED than never smokers, this difference still significantly lower than that of current smokers (p = 0.002).
conclusionThese findings suggest that smoking status is associated with poor diet quality. Former smokers had a slightly lower ED value (1.84) than current non-daily smokers (1.89) but a higher value than never smokers (1.79).
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