Trial reportDiabetes technology & therapeutics2018
A Randomized Clinical Trial of the Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Nocturnal Hypoglycemia, Daytime Hypoglycemia, Glycemic Variability, and Hypoglycemia Confidence in Persons with Type 1 Diabetes Treated with Multiple Daily Insulin Injections (GOLD-3).
Trial report in Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized Trial of the Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes Treated With Multiple Daily Insulin Injections (MDI)
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) to Improve Glycemic Control in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of Wearable Device-based Intervention on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A System Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical systems · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Acta diabetologica · 2021Pooled it
- Treatment Satisfaction and Well-Being With Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People With Type 1 Diabetes: An Analysis Based on the GOLD Randomized Trial.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025Trial
- Evaluation of Effects of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Physical Activity Habits and Blood Lipid Levels in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes Managed With Multiple Daily Insulin Injections: An Analysis Based on the GOLD Randomized Trial (GOLD 8).Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2024Trial
- The majority of people with type 1 diabetes and multiple daily insulin injections benefit from using continuous glucose monitoring: An analysis based on the GOLD randomized trial (GOLD-5).Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021Trial
- The Association Between HbADiabetes care · 2020Trial
- Comparison of the efficacy and safety of insulin degludec/aspart (twice-daily injections), insulin glargine 300 U/mL, and insulin glulisine (basal-bolus therapy).Journal of diabetes investigation · 2019Trial
- Medicaid CGM Barriers in Blind/Low Vision and Deaf/Hard of Hearing Populations.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on glycaemic risk index in adults with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily insulin injections in the GOLD trial.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Article
- Accuracy of Glucose Trends by Subcutaneous Continuous Monitoring vs Intermittent Arterial Measurements in Critically Ill Patients.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025Article
- Nocturnal Hypoglycemia in the Era of Continuous Glucose Monitoring.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2024Review
- Characteristics of Nocturnal Hypoglycaemic Events and Their Impact on Glycaemia.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2024Article
- Increase Access, Reduce Disparities: Recommendations for Modifying Medicaid CGM Coverage Eligibility Criteria.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2024Article
- Real-World Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Reduced Burden, but Little Interest in Data Analysis.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2023Article
- Correction of T-Cell Repertoire and Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice by Non-myeloablative T-Cell Depleted Allogeneic HSCT.Stem cells translational medicine · 2023Article
- Evaluating a systematic intensive therapy using continuous glucose monitoring and intermittent scanning glucose monitoring in clinical diabetes care: a protocol for a multi-center randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2023Article
- Use of Continuous Glucose Monitors to Manage Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Progress, Challenges, and Recommendations.Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Impact of glycaemic technologies on quality of life and related outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes: A narrative review.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2023Review
- Long-term cost-effectiveness of Dexcom G6 real-time continuous glucose monitoring system in people with type 1 diabetes in Australia.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2022Article
- Evaluation of Reference Metrics for Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Persons Without Diabetes and Prediabetes.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 9 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo evaluate the effects of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on nocturnal and daytime hypoglycemia in persons with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections (MDI); we also evaluated factors related to differences in hypoglycemia confidence in this population.
methodsEvaluations were performed from the GOLD randomized trial, an open-label multicenter crossover randomized clinical trial (n = 161) over 69 weeks comparing CGM to self-measurement of blood glucose (SMBG) in persons with type 1 diabetes treated with MDI. Masked CGM and the hypoglycemia confidence questionnaire were used for evaluations.
resultsTime with nocturnal hypoglycemia, glucose levels <70 mg/dL was reduced by 48% (10.2 vs. 19.6 min each night, P < 0.001) and glucose levels <54 mg/dL by 65%. (3.1 vs. 8.9 min, P < 0.001). For the corresponding glucose cutoffs, daytime hypoglycemia was reduced by 40% (29 vs. 49 min, P < 0.001) and 54% (8 vs. 18 min., P < 0.001), respectively. Compared with SMBG, CGM use improved hypoglycemia-related confidence in social situations (P = 0.016) and confidence in more broadly avoiding serious problems due to hypoglycemia (P = 0.0020). Persons also reported greater confidence in detecting and responding to decreasing blood glucose levels (thereby avoiding hypoglycemia) during CGM use (P = 0.0033) and indicated greater conviction that they could more freely live their lives despite the risk of hypoglycemia (P = 0.022).
conclusionCGM reduced time in both nocturnal and daytime hypoglycemia in persons with type 1 diabetes treated with MDI and improved hypoglycemia-related confidence, especially in social situations, thus contributing to greater well-being and quality of life.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT02092051.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.