ReviewFrontiers in immunology2018
Mother's Milk: A Purposeful Contribution to the Development of the Infant Microbiota and Immunity.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05992493 (To Explore and Develop the Effective Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Microbiomes on Maternal and Infant Health and Neurodevelopment in Early Infancy), which is not on this map. Cited by 259 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
To Explore and Develop the Effective Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Microbiomes on Maternal and Infant Health and Neurodevelopment in Early Infancy
Who cites it
259 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 470 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Human Milk Bioactive Compounds and Allergic- and Infectious-Related Infant Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Pooled it
- Interventions for promoting and optimizing breastfeeding practices: An overview of systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Investigating the infant gut microbiota in developing countries: worldwide metagenomic meta-analysis involving infants living in sub-urban areas of Côte d'Ivoire.Environmental microbiology reports · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- A Three-Arm, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety ofNutrients · 2023Trial
- Dynamic Changes in Breast Milk Microbiome in the Early Postpartum Period of Kenyan Women Living with HIV Are Influenced by Antibiotics but Not Antiretrovirals.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Trial
- Oropharyngeal administration of colostrum for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis in preterm infants with gestational age ≤ 32 weeks: a pilot single-center randomized controlled trial.International breastfeeding journal · 2021Trial
- Effects of Whole-Grain and Sugar Content in Infant Cereals on Gut Microbiota at Weaning: A Randomized Trial.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Decoding the HMO‒microbiome axis: bridging maternal milk to infant health outcomes.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota translocation and dissemination in health: can it be beneficial and purposeful?Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Virucidal Efficacy of Holder Pasteurization of Breast Milk in a Portable Device.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Emerging role of non-coding RNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Shaping of the Infant Gut Microbiome by Milk Oligosaccharides.Annual review of biochemistry · 2026Review
- Breastfeeding in term and preterm infants with and without growth restriction: A 50-year analysis of incidence and duration.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Mother-to-offspring microbial vertical transmission: timing, determinants, and impact on offspring susceptibility to gastrointestinal diseases.Medical review (2021) · 2026Review
- Limosilactobacillus reuteri Strains Differentially Stimulate Immunity in Response to Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Newborn Mice.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Seeding the Future: How Feeding Mode Shapes the Infant Gut Microbiota.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Processed Diets and Food Additives Shape the Gut Microbiota and Chronic Disease Risk Across the Life Course-A Three-Layer Ecosystem Disruption Model (TLED) Model.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
199 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Breast milk is the perfect nutrition for infants, a result of millions of years of evolution. In addition to providing a source of nutrition, breast milk contains a diverse array of microbiota and myriad biologically active components that are thought to guide the infant's developing mucosal immune system. It is believed that bacteria from the mother's intestine may translocate to breast milk and dynamically transfer to the infant. Such interplay between mother and her infant is a key to establishing a healthy infant intestinal microbiome. These intestinal bacteria protect against many respiratory and diarrheal illnesses, but are subject to environmental stresses such as antibiotic use. Orchestrating the development of the microbiota are the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the synthesis of which are partially determined by the maternal genotype. HMOs are thought to play a role in preventing pathogenic bacterial adhesion though multiple mechanisms, while also providing nutrition for the microbiome. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, carry a diverse cargo, including mRNA, miRNA, and cytosolic and membrane-bound proteins, and are readily detectable in human breast milk. Strongly implicated in cell-cell signaling, EVs could therefore may play a further role in the development of the infant microbiome. This review considers the emerging role of breast milk microbiota, bioactive HMOs, and EVs in the establishment of the neonatal microbiome and the consequent potential for modulation of neonatal immune system development.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.