ArticlePhysiological reports2018
AKT2 is the predominant AKT isoform expressed in human skeletal muscle.
Article in Physiological reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interactions Between E3 Ubiquitin Ligases and Deubiquitinases in AKT Regulation: Implications in Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis.Cell biochemistry and function · 2026Review
- Evodiamine may inhibit insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes through IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 pathway.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Tissue-Specific Enhancement of Insulin Function and Restoration of Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion byPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Peripheral Inflammation and Insulin Resistance: Their Impact on Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Glia Activation in Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Diverse WGBS profiles of longissimus dorsi muscle in Hainan black goats and hybrid goats.BMC genomic data · 2023Article
- Differential activation of AKT isoforms by growth factors in human myotubes.Physiological reports · 2023Article
- Gender Differences in Insulin Resistance: New Knowledge and Perspectives.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Review
- DNA-PKcs regulates myogenesis in an Akt-dependent manner independent of induced DNA damage.Cell death and differentiation · 2023Article
- Finnish-specific AKT2 gene variant leads to impaired insulin signalling in myotubes.Journal of molecular endocrinology · 2023Article
- PI3K-AKT-Targeting Breast Cancer Treatments: Natural Products and Synthetic Compounds.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- The dose-response effects of arachidonic acid on primary human skeletal myoblasts and myotubes.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2023Article
- Cancer-Related Cachexia: The Vicious Circle between Inflammatory Cytokines, Skeletal Muscle, Lipid Metabolism and the Possible Role of Physical Training.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Insulin Signal Transduction Perturbations in Insulin Resistance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Characterization of microRNAs during Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Development in the Shan Ma Duck.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2020Article
- The role of skeletal muscle Akt in the regulation of muscle mass and glucose homeostasis.Molecular metabolism · 2019Article
- Selective Targeting of Myoblast Fusogenic Signaling and Differentiation-Arrest Antagonizes Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells.Cancer research · 2019Article
- Ketogenic Diet and Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: A Frenemy Relationship?Journal of human kinetics · 2019Article
- Germline or inducible knockout of p300 or CBP in skeletal muscle does not alter insulin sensitivity.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2019Article
- Therapeutic Mechanisms of Herbal Medicines Against Insulin Resistance: A Review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Review
- AKT2 is the predominant AKT isoform expressed in human skeletal muscle.Physiological reports · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism are regulated by complex networks of intracellular signaling pathways. Among many of these pathways, the protein kinase AKT plays a prominent role. While three AKT isoforms have been identified (AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3), surprisingly little is known regarding isoform-specific expression of AKT in human skeletal muscle. To address this, we examined the expressions of each AKT isoform in muscle biopsy samples collected from the vastus lateralis of healthy male adults at rest. In muscle, AKT2 was the most highly expressed AKT transcript, exhibiting a 15.4-fold increase over AKT1 and AKT3 transcripts. Next, the abundance of AKT protein isoforms was determined using antibody immunoprecipitation followed by Liquid Chromatography-Parallel Reaction Monitoring/Mass Spectrometry. Immunoprecipitation was performed using either mouse or rabbit pan AKT antibodies that were immunoreactive with all three AKT isoforms. We found that AKT2 was the most abundant AKT isoform in human skeletal muscle (4.2-fold greater than AKT1 using the rabbit antibody and 1.6-fold greater than AKT1 using the mouse antibody). AKT3 was virtually undetectable. Next, cultured primary human myoblasts were virally-transduced with cDNAs encoding either wild-type (WT) or kinase-inactive AKT1 (AKT1-K179M) or AKT2 (AKT2-K181M) and allowed to terminally differentiate. Myotubes expressing WT-AKT1 or WT-AKT2 showed enhanced fusion compared to control myotubes, while myotubes expressing AKT1-K179M showed a 14% reduction in fusion. Myotubes expressing AKT2-K181M displayed 63% decreased fusion compared to control. Together, these data identify AKT2 as the most highly-expressed AKT isoform in human skeletal muscle and as the principal AKT isoform regulating human myoblast differentiation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.