ArticleEuropean journal of epidemiology2018
The combination of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength, and mortality risk.
Article in European journal of epidemiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training on Exercise Capacity, Muscle Strength, Quality of Life, and Mortality in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review of prognostic value of cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with cirrhosis.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Pooled it
- The effects of same-session combined exercise training on cardiorespiratory and functional fitness in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Associations between grip strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular risk and mental health in forcibly displaced people from a Greek refugee camp.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Feasibility of supervised telehealth exercise for patients with advanced melanoma receiving checkpoint inhibitor therapy.Cancer medicine · 2023Trial
- Worksite-based intensive lifestyle therapy has profound cardiometabolic benefits in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes.Cell metabolism · 2022Trial
- Weekend Cyclists vs. Regular Cyclists: Association of Physical Training Distribution on Performance, Cardiometabolic Parameters and Muscle Oxygen Saturation.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Seismocardiography for nonexercise estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Review
- Contribution of Sport Type to the Association Between Handgrip Strength and Morbidity/Mortality: Future Follow-up Study and Possible Mechanisms.Sports medicine - open · 2026Review
- Effect of an acute bout of endurance eccentric exercise on exerkines production in healthy males.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Handgrip strength associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in male patients with subacute stroke: a cross-sectional study.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength during pregnancy with metabolic health outcomes and inflammatory parameters at 1-year postpartum in women after gestational diabetes.Cardiovascular diabetology. Endocrinology reports · 2025Article
- Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Grip Strength: Independent and Combined Associations With Multimorbidity Risk and Patterns in a Large-Scale Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- The association between components of health-related physical fitness in healthy adults: A cross-sectional study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Activity and social correlates of physical fitness in Lithuanian schoolchildren.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Biomarkers of aging: from molecules and surrogates to physiology and function.Physiological reviews · 2025Review
- Impact of exercise video-guided bodyweight interval training on psychophysiological outcomes in inactive adults with obesity.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- The mediating effect of handgrip strength on the association between sleep duration and basal metabolic rate in middle-aged and older adults: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Little is known about the combined associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and hand grip strength (GS) with mortality in general adult populations. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative risk of mortality for CRF, GS, and their combination. In UK Biobank, a prospective cohort of > 0.5 million adults aged 40-69 years, CRF was measured through submaximal bike tests; GS was measured using a hand-dynamometer. This analysis is based on data from 70,913 men and women (832 all-cause, 177 cardiovascular and 503 cancer deaths over 5.7-year follow-up) who provided valid CRF and GS data, and with no history of heart attack/stroke/cancer at baseline. Compared with the lowest CRF category, the hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality was 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-0.89] and 0.65 (95% CI 0.55-0.78) for the middle and highest CRF categories, respectively, after adjustment for confounders and GS. The highest GS category had an HR of 0.79 (95% CI 0.66-0.95) for all-cause mortality compared with the lowest, after adjustment for confounders and CRF. Similar results were found for cardiovascular and cancer mortality. The HRs for the combination of highest CRF and GS were 0.53 (95% CI 0.39-0.72) for all-cause mortality and 0.31 (95% CI 0.14-0.67) for cardiovascular mortality, compared with the reference category of lowest CRF and GS: no significant association for cancer mortality (HR 0.70; 95% CI 0.48-1.02). CRF and GS are both independent predictors of mortality. Improving both CRF and muscle strength, as opposed to either of the two alone, may be the most effective behavioral strategy to reduce all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.