ReviewFrontiers in psychology2018
Plasticity, Variability and Age in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism.
Review in Frontiers in psychology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07009561 (Comparison of Cortical Excitability and Typing Performance Across Action Observation, Motor Execution, and Control Conditions), which is not on this map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparison of Cortical Excitability and Typing Performance Across Action Observation, Motor Execution, and Control Conditions
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Does Second Language Learning Promote Neuroplasticity in Aging? A Systematic Review of Cognitive and Neuroimaging Studies.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- The Effect of AoA-L2 on Functional Network Dynamics in Bilinguals.Brain topography · 2026Article
- Synaptic pruning, myelination and the emergence of psychiatric disorders in late adolescence.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Reciprocal Role of Semantic Meaning in Affective Processing in L2: Evidence from Uyghur-Mandarin Bilinguals.Journal of psycholinguistic research · 2026Article
- The Effects of Cognitive Fatigue and Articulatory Suppression on Statistical Language Learning Depend on the Strength of Cognitive Resources.Cognitive science · 2026Article
- Utilizing functional neuroimaging to study early language development.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Review
- Fill in the Blank: English Morphosyntax Production in Matched Bilingual Groups.Language, speech, and hearing services in schools · 2025Article
- From erosion to fluency: reversing language shift in Chinese Australian households.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Revisiting perceptual sensitivity to non-native speech in a diverse sample of bilinguals.Infant behavior & development · 2024Article
- Lexically-specific syntactic restrictions in second-language speakers.Journal of memory and language · 2024Article
- Toward characterization of perceptual specialization for faces in Multiracial contexts.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Review
- Article
- Cortical Thickness Is Related to Variability in Heritage Bilingual Language Proficiency.Translational issues in psychological science · 2023Article
- Novel sound exposure drives dynamic changes in auditory lateralization that are associated with perceptual learning in zebra finches.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Is There an Early Morphological Decomposition during L2 Lexical Access? A Meta-Analysis on the Morphological Priming Effect.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Contributions of common genetic variants to specific languages and to when a language is learned.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Modulation of Cross-Language Activation During Bilingual Auditory Word Recognition: Effects of Language Experience but Not Competing Background Noise.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- What Is a Language? Who Is Bilingual? Perceptions Underlying Self-Assessment in Studies of Bilingualism.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Neural Fingerprints Underlying Individual Language Learning Profiles.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2021Article
- The Role of Canalization and Plasticity in the Evolution of Musical Creativity.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Much of what is known about the outcome of second language acquisition and bilingualism can be summarized in terms of inter-individual variability, plasticity and age. The present review looks at variability and plasticity with respect to their underlying sources, and at age as a modulating factor in variability and plasticity. In this context we consider critical period effects vs. bilingualism effects, early and late bilingualism, nativelike and non-nativelike L2 attainment, cognitive aging, individual differences in learning, and linguistic dominance in bilingualism. Non-uniformity is an inherent characteristic of both early and late bilingualism. This review shows how plasticity and age connect with biological and experiential sources of variability, and underscores the value of research that reveals and explains variability. In these ways the review suggests how plasticity, variability and age conspire to frame fundamental research issues in L2 acquisition and bilingualism, and provides points of reference for discussion of the present
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.