ReviewFrontiers in behavioral neuroscience2018
Noradrenergic Modulation of Fear Conditioning and Extinction.
Review in Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 193 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impaired learning, memory, and extinction in posttraumatic stress disorder: translational meta-analysis of clinical and preclinical studies.Translational psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Alpha-2 Adrenoreceptor Antagonist Yohimbine Potentiates Consolidation of Conditioned Fear.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Trial
- Neurophysiological contributors to advantageous risk-taking: an experimental psychopharmacological investigation.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2021Trial
- Fear expression is suppressed by tyrosine administration.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Post-traumatic stress disorder: pathogenesis, epidemiological characteristics, animal models, and potential therapeutic strategies.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Network adaptability governs resilience and susceptibility to social defeat.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Review
- Repeated restraint stress enhances visual plasticity through locus coeruleus (LC)-V1 projection in adult mice.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Impact of early locus coeruleus lesions in the TgF344 Alzheimer's disease rat model.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Locus coeruleus-amygdala circuit disrupts prefrontal control to impair fear extinction.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Fear extinction induces maladaptive generalization via noradrenergic and GABAergic systems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Impact of early locus coeruleus lesions in the TgF344 Alzheimer's disease rat model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Low affinity noradrenergic signaling promotes passive coping during reinforcement behavior.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Stimulus-Dependent Dopamine Dynamics from Locus Coeruleus Axons.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Bidirectional emotional regulation through prefrontal innervation of the locus coeruleus.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- The locus coeruleus influences behavior by coordinating effective integration of fear memories and sensory input.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- The lateralized LC-NAergic system distinguishes vicarious versus direct fear in mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Neuronal dynamics of cerebellum and medial prefrontal cortex in adaptive motor timing.Nature communications · 2025Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both direct and indirect manipulations of the LC-NE system affect cued and contextual aversive learning and memory. We propose that NE dynamically modulates Pavlovian conditioning and extinction, either promoting or impairing learning aversive processes under different levels of behavioral arousal. We suggest that under high levels of stress (e.g., during/soon after fear conditioning) the locus coeruleus (LC) promotes cued fear learning by enhancing amygdala function while simultaneously blunting prefrontal function. Under low levels of arousal, the LC promotes PFC function to promote downstream inhibition of the amygdala and foster the extinction of cued fear. Thus, LC-NE action on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) might be described by an inverted-U function such that it can either enhance or hinder learning depending on arousal states. In addition, LC-NE seems to be particularly important for the acquisition, consolidation and extinction of contextual fear memories. This may be due to dense adrenoceptor expression in the hippocampus (HPC) which encodes contextual information, and the ability of NE to regulate long-term potentiation (LTP). Moreover, recent work reveals that the diversity of LC-NE functions in aversive learning and memory are mediated by functionally heterogeneous populations of LC neurons that are defined by their projection targets. Hence, LC-NE function in learning and memory is determined by projection-specific neuromodulation that accompanies various states of behavioral arousal.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.