ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2018
Single Degranulations in NK Cells Can Mediate Target Cell Killing.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy in Solid Tumors: Microenvironmental Obstacles and Translational 3D Models.Biology · 2026Review
- Methods for Probing NK Cell Surveillance of Antigen Presentation.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Predicting treatment-free remission in chronic myeloid leukemia patients using an integrated model of tumor-immune dynamics.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2025Article
- Glutaminase activity maintains NK cell cytotoxicity through metabolic regulation of effector function.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025Article
- A Dual Role for NKG7 in T-cell Cytotoxicity and Longevity.Cancer immunology research · 2025Review
- Natural killer cell membrane manipulation for augmented immune synapse and anticancer efficacy.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Ammonia Suppresses the Antitumor Activity of Natural Killer Cells and T Cells by Decreasing Mature Perforin.Cancer research · 2025Article
- The Golgi complex governs natural killer cell lytic granule positioning to promote directionality in cytotoxicity.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Article
- The effect of COVID-19 and sex differences on natural killer cell cytotoxicity.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Imaging-Based Efficacy Evaluation of Cancer Immunotherapy in Engineered Tumor Platforms and Tumor Organoids.Advanced healthcare materials · 2024Review
- Innate immune cells in tumor microenvironment: A new frontier in cancer immunotherapy.iScience · 2024Review
- Natural Killer cells at the frontline in the fight against cancer.Cell death & disease · 2024Review
- Review
- Feeder-free differentiation of human iPSCs into natural killer cells with cytotoxic potential against malignant brain rhabdoid tumor cells.Bioactive materials · 2024Article
- Review
- Crosstalk Between NK Cell Receptors and Tumor Membrane Hsp70-Derived Peptide: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- β-Actin G342D as a Cause of NK Cell Deficiency Impairing Lytic Synapse Termination.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Article
- CXCR4 has a dual role in improving the efficacy of BCMA-redirected CAR-NK cells in multiple myeloma.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
NK cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes important in defense against viral infection and cancer. NK cells mediate cytotoxicity predominantly through directed secretion of lytic granules, which are specialized lysosome-related organelles, containing effector molecules such as perforin and granzymes. Although many requirements for lytic granule transport to, and secretion at, the NK cell lytic synapse are known, the minimum number of degranulation events required by an NK cell to kill its target is unknown. We performed high-resolution four-dimensional confocal microscopy of human NK-target cell conjugates to quantify NK cell degranulation (using a degranulation indicator, LAMP-1-pHluorin) as well as target cell death. Despite containing almost 200 granules, we found that an individual NK cell needed only two to four degranulation events, on average, to mediate target cell death. Although NK cells released approximately one-tenth of their total lytic granule reserve upon a single target, they required just over one-hundredth of their total lytic granules to kill a target cell. Importantly, the kinetics of NK cell killing correlated to the size of and the amount of effector molecules contained within lytic granules, as well as the temporal, but not spatial, organization of degranulation events. Thus, our study answers a fundamental question as to how many degranulation events it takes for a human NK cell to kill its target.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.